Home Database Mysql Tutorial MySQL之INNODB表空间(共享、独立)

MySQL之INNODB表空间(共享、独立)

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:34 PM
mysql innodb

INNODB引擎竟然将索引和数据保存于同一个文件中,索引和数据之间尚存在资源争用,不利于性能的提升。你当然可以通过innodb_data_

在使用Innodb引擎时将要面对两种表空间的管理选择的问题,Innodb有两种管理表空间的方法。

  • 共享表空间:也可以拆分成多个小的表空间。
  • 独立表空间:每一个表有一个独立的表空间。
  • 在性能和运维上独立表空间比共享的表空间有很多优势。

    一、共享表空间 和 独立表空间的概念描述

    1、共享表空间

    某一个数据库的所有的表数据,索引文件全部放在一个文件中,默认这个共享表空间的文件路径在data目录下。 默认的文件名为ibdata1  初始化为10M。

    由于是默认的方式,就暂且理解为Mysql官方推荐的方式。相对而言所有的数据都在一个(或几个)文件中,比较利于管理,而且在操作的时候只需要open这一个(或几个)文件即可,相对来说代价很低。但问题是在数据达到以G为单位来计算的时候优劣逆转。一个过大的文件很不利于管理,而且对于一个如此巨大的文件来说,,读写它需要耗费的资源一样巨大。更加令人费解的是,INNODB引擎竟然将索引和数据保存于同一个文件中,索引和数据之间尚存在资源争用,不利于性能的提升。你当然可以通过innodb_data_file_path的配置规划多个表空间文件,但MySQL的逻辑是“用满后增加”,仅仅是一个文件的拆分而已,不能从根本上分离数据和索引。

    2、独占表空间

    每一个表都将会以独立的文件方式来进行存储,每一个表都有一个.frm表描述文件,还有一个.ibd文件。 其中这个文件包括了单独一个表的数据内容以及索引内容。

    二、共享表空间 和 独立表空间的优缺点

    1、共享表空间优缺点

    (1)、优点

    可以放表空间分成多个文件存放到各个磁盘上(表空间文件大小不受表大小的限制,如一个表可以分布在不同步的文件上)。数据和文件放在一起方便管理。

    (2)、缺点

    所有的数据和索引存放到一个文件中以为着将有一个很常大的文件,虽然可以把一个大文件分成多个小文件,但是多个表及索引在表空间中混合存储,这样对于一个表做了大量删除操作后表空间中将会有大量的空隙,特别是对于统计分析,日值系统这类应用最不适合用共享表空间。

    共享表空间管理会出现表空间分配后不能回缩的问题,当出现临时建索引或是创建一个临时表的操作表空间扩大后,就是删除相关的表也没办法回缩那部分空间了。在磁盘监控时,也许就报警不断了,但实际上MySQL还可以运行良好。另外,当磁盘上占用较多时性能也不是太好。这种情况处理只能是是建一个新的Slave从主库上Dump出来,然后在Dump到从库中,动作较大。对于InnoDB Hot Backup备份的操作(或是直接冷备),每次需要拷贝的文件比较大。如果现在有180G的表空间,但实际数据只有50多G,那么我们将面对每次需要拷180G的数据。

    2、独立表空间优缺点

    (1)、优点

    Drop table操作会自动回收表空间,如果对于统计分析或是日值表,删除大量数据后可以通过:alter table TableName engine=innodb;回缩不用的空间。

    对于使innodb-plugin的Innodb使用turncate table也会使空间收缩。

    对于使用独立表空间的表,不管怎么删除,表空间的碎片不会太严重的影响性能,而且还有机会处理。

    (2)、缺点

    单表增加过大,如超过100个G。

    注:独立表空间时,ibdata1文件中存储着字典信息和undo 页。所以冷备份的时候仍然需要备份ibdata1文件。如果ibdata1文件丢失,则会提示innodb表不存在,但其实其数据文件和表结构是存在的。

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