Home Database Mysql Tutorial SQLite 入门教程(一)基本控制台(终端)命令

SQLite 入门教程(一)基本控制台(终端)命令

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:39 PM
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一、基本简介 SQLite 是一个自持的(self-contained)、无服务器的、零配置的、事务型的关系型数据库引擎。因为他很小,所以也可以作为嵌入式数据库内建在你的应用程序中。SQLite 被应用在 Solaris 10操作系统、Mac OS 操作系统、iPhone 和 Skype 中。QT4 、

一、基本简介

SQLite 是一个自持的(self-contained)、无服务器的、零配置的、事务型的关系型数据库引擎。因为他很小,所以也可以作为嵌入式数据库内建在你的应用程序中。SQLite 被应用在 Solaris 10操作系统、Mac OS 操作系统、iPhone 和 Skype 中。QT4 、Python 、 PHP 都默认支持 SQLite ,Firefox Amarok 等流行的应用程序在内部也使用了 SQLite.

SQLite 数据库引擎实现了主要的 SQL-92 标准,引擎本身只有一个文件,大小不到 300k ,但是并不作为一个独立的进程运行,而是动态或者静态的链接到其他应用程序中。它生成的数据库文件是一个普通的磁盘文件,可以放置在任何目录下。SQLite 本身是 C 语言开发的,开源也跨平台,并且被所有的主流编程语言支持。

相关资源

sqlite.org

wikipedia.org

二、下载安装

Windows 版的下载地址为:sqlite-shell-win32-x86-3070701.zip

我们这里下载的是命令行版本,所以是一个可执行文件,还有一个动态链接库版本,如果你的应用程序需要嵌入式数据库,可以下载这个版本。当然,如果你愿意折腾,下载源代码自己编译也是可以的。下载完成,解压出来就一个文件: sqlite3.exe ,可以放置到任意一个路径下,然后把这个路径加入到 PATH 环境变量中,这样我们就可以随时在控制台中运行 SQLite 命令行工具了。

三、基本命令

1、进入命令行环境:sqlite3

打开一个控制台窗口,输入 sqlite3 回车,这时你就进入了 SQLite 命令行环境,如图

它显示了版本号,并告诉你每一条 SQL 语句必须用分号 ; 结尾

2、命令行帮助:.help

在命令行环境下输入 .help 回车,显示所有可使用的命令以及这些命令的帮助。注意:所有的命令开头都是一个点

3、退出命令行环境

.quit 或者 .exit 都可以退出

四、数据库和表的相关命令

1、创建一个新的数据库:sqlite3 文件名

先建立一个 Db 目录,并在 Db 目录中创建一个 test.db 数据库文件,打开控制台窗口,命令如下:

mkdir Db

cd Db

sqlite3 test.db

2、打开一个已经存在的数据库:sqlite3 已经存在的文件名

创建一个新数据库和打开一个已经存在的数据库命令是一模一样的,如果文件在当前目录下不存在,则新建;如果存在,则打开。

3、导入数据:.read 数据文件

打开记事本,并将下列 SQL 语句复制到记事本中,保存为 test.sql 到上面说到的 Db 目录下,在命令行环境中输入

.read test.sql

即将所有的数据导入到 test.db 数据库中。

test.db 导入数据

BEGIN TRANSACTION;
CREATE TABLE Cars(Id integer PRIMARY KEY, Name text, Cost integer);
INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(1,'Audi',52642);
INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(2,'Mercedes',57127);
INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(3,'Skoda',9000);
INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(4,'Volvo',29000);
INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(5,'Bentley',350000);
INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(6,'Citroen',21000);
INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(7,'Hummer',41400);
INSERT INTO Cars VALUES(8,'Volkswagen',21600);
COMMIT;
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
CREATE TABLE Orders(Id integer PRIMARY KEY, OrderPrice integer CHECK(OrderPrice>0),
Customer text);
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(1200, "Williamson");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(200, "Robertson");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(40, "Robertson");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(1640, "Smith");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(100, "Robertson");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(50, "Williamson");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(150, "Smith");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(250, "Smith");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(840, "Brown");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(440, "Black");
INSERT INTO Orders(OrderPrice, Customer) VALUES(20, "Brown");
COMMIT;
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
CREATE TABLE Friends(Id integer PRIMARY KEY, Name text UNIQUE NOT NULL,
Sex text CHECK(Sex IN ('M', 'F')));
INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(1,'Jane', 'F');
INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(2,'Thomas', 'M');
INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(3,'Franklin', 'M');
INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(4,'Elisabeth', 'F');
INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(5,'Mary', 'F');
INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(6,'Lucy', 'F');
INSERT INTO Friends VALUES(7,'Jack', 'M');
COMMIT;
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Customers(CustomerId integer PRIMARY KEY, Name text);
INSERT INTO Customers(Name) VALUES('Paul Novak');
INSERT INTO Customers(Name) VALUES('Terry Neils');
INSERT INTO Customers(Name) VALUES('Jack Fonda');
INSERT INTO Customers(Name) VALUES('Tom Willis');
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Reservations(Id integer PRIMARY KEY,
CustomerId integer, Day text);
INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(1, '2009-22-11');
INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(2, '2009-28-11');
INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(2, '2009-29-11');
INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(1, '2009-29-11');
INSERT INTO Reservations(CustomerId, Day) VALUES(3, '2009-02-12');
COMMIT;
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
CREATE TABLE Names(Id integer, Name text);
INSERT INTO Names VALUES(1,'Tom');
INSERT INTO Names VALUES(2,'Lucy');
INSERT INTO Names VALUES(3,'Frank');
INSERT INTO Names VALUES(4,'Jane');
INSERT INTO Names VALUES(5,'Robert');
COMMIT;
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
CREATE TABLE Books(Id integer PRIMARY KEY, Title text, Author text,
Isbn text default 'not available');
INSERT INTO Books VALUES(1,'War and Peace','Leo Tolstoy','978-0345472403');
INSERT INTO Books VALUES(2,'The Brothers Karamazov',
'Fyodor Dostoyevsky','978-0486437910');
INSERT INTO Books VALUES(3,'Crime and Punishment',
'Fyodor Dostoyevsky','978-1840224306');
COMMIT

4、列出所有的数据表: .tables

完成上面所有的工作以后,,我们就可以列出所有的数据表了

5、显示数据库结构:.schema

其实就是一些 SQL 语句,他们描述了数据库的结构,如图

6、显示表的结构:.schema 表名

7、导出某个表的数据: .dump 表名

这时我们可以看到,整个表以 SQL 语句的形式为导出来了,但是只是显示在终端上,如何把它导出到文件中呢?

8、设置导出目标:

.output 文件名

或者

.output stdout

先运行 .output cars.sql ,然后再运行 .dump 命令试试看?如果要回复成导出到终端(标准输出),则运行 .output stdout

五、数据显示相关命令

1、设置分隔符:.separator 分隔符

我们可以首先运行 SELECT * FROM Names; ,可以看到默认的分隔符是 |

运行.separator : 以后,再 SELECT * FROM Names;,可以看到分隔符已经变成 : 了

2、设置显示模式:.mode 模式

有好几种显示模式,默认的是 list 显示模式,一般我们使用 column 显示模式,还有其他几种显示模式可以 .help 看 mode 相关内容。看看下面的图,和上面是不是显示的不一样了?

3、显示标题栏:.headers on

看看,是不是又不太一样了?

4、设置每一列的显示宽度:.width w1,w2,w3.........

一些内容,默认的宽度显示不下,这个命令就有用了

5、设置 NULL 值显示成什么样子: .nullvalue 你想要的NULL值格式

默认情况下NULL值什么也不显示,你可以设置成你自己想要的样子

6、列出当前显示格式设置情况:.show

7、配置文件 .sqliterc

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