Home Database Mysql Tutorial sQL语言分类 DML、DDL、DCL区别

sQL语言分类 DML、DDL、DCL区别

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:39 PM
Classification the difference language

sQL语言分类 DML、DDL、DCL区别 总体解释: DML(data manipulation language): 它们是SELECT、UPDATE、INSERT、DELETE,就象它的名字一样,这4条命令是用来对数据库里的数据进行操作的语言 DDL(data definition language): DDL比DML要多,主要的命令有

sQL语言分类 DML、DDL、DCL区别

总体解释:
DML(data manipulation language):
       它们是SELECT、UPDATE、INSERT、DELETE,就象它的名字一样,这4条命令是用来对数据库里的数据进行操作的语言
DDL(data definition language):
       DDL比DML要多,主要的命令有CREATE、ALTER、DROP等,DDL主要是用在定义或改变表(TABLE)的结构,数据类型,表之间的链接和约束等初始化工作上,他们大多在建立表时使用
DCL(Data Control Language):
       是数据库控制功能。是用来设置或更改数据库用户或角色权限的语句,包括(grant,deny,revoke等)语句。在默认状态下,只有sysadmin,dbcreator,db_owner或db_securityadmin等人员才有权力执行DCL

详细解释:
一、DDL is Data Definition Language statements. Some examples:数据定义语言,用于定义和管理 SQL 数据库中的所有对象的语言 
      1.CREATE - to create objects in the database   创建 
      2.ALTER - alters the structure of the database   修改 
      3.DROP - delete objects from the database   删除 
      4.TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed 
      TRUNCATE TABLE [Table Name]。 
  下面是对Truncate语句在MSSQLServer2000中用法和原理的说明: 
  Truncate table 表名 速度快,而且效率高,因为: 
  TRUNCATE TABLE 在功能上与不带 WHERE 子句的 DELETE 语句相同:二者均删除表中的全部行。但 TRUNCATE TABLE 比 DELETE 速度快,且使用的系统和事务日志资源少。 
  DELETE 语句每次删除一行,并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项。TRUNCATE TABLE 通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据,并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放。 
  TRUNCATE TABLE 删除表中的所有行,但表结构及其列、约束、索引等保持不变。新行标识所用的计数值重置为该列的种子。如果想保留标识计数值,,请改用 DELETE。如果要删除表定义及其数据,请使用 DROP TABLE 语句。 
  对于由 FOREIGN KEY 约束引用的表,不能使用 TRUNCATE TABLE,而应使用不带 WHERE 子句的 DELETE 语句。由于 TRUNCATE TABLE 不记录在日志中,所以它不能激活触发器。 
  TRUNCATE TABLE 不能用于参与了索引视图的表。 
       5.COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary 注释 
       6.GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database 授权 
       7.REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command   收回已经授予的权限

二、DML is Data Manipulation Language statements. Some examples:数据操作语言,SQL中处理数据等操作统称为数据操纵语言 
       1.SELECT - retrieve data from the a database           查询 
       2.INSERT - insert data into a table                    添加 
        3.UPDATE - updates existing data within a table    更新 
       4.DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain   删除 
       5.CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram 
       6.EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data 
       Oracle RDBMS执行每一条SQL语句,都必须经过Oracle优化器的评估。所以,了解优化器是如何选择(搜索)路径以及索引是如何被使用的,对优化SQL语句有很大的帮助。Explain可以用来迅速方便地查出对于给定SQL语句中的查询数据是如何得到的即搜索路径(我们通常称为Access Path)。从而使我们选择最优的查询方式达到最大的优化效果。 
       7.LOCK TABLE - control concurrency 锁,用于控制并发

三、DCL is Data Control Language statements. Some examples:数据控制语言,用来授予或回收访问数据库的某种特权,并控制数据库操纵事务发生的时间及效果,对数据库实行监视等 
       1.COMMIT - save work done 提交 
        2.SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back 保存点 
       3.ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT   回滚 
       4.SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like what rollback segment to use   设置当前事务的特性,它对后面的事务没有影响.

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