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MySql的索引类型及索引数据结构

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:42 PM
mysql

MySql的索引类型及索引数据结构

MySql存储引擎
MyISAM: 拥有较高的插入,查询速度,但不支持事务
InnoDB :5.5版本后Mysql的默认数据库,事务型数据库的首选引擎,支持ACID事务,支持行级锁定

MySql索引数据结构(BTREE和Hash)
BTREE和Hash的区别
1、Hash 索引,其检索效率非常高,索引的检索可以一次定位。BTREE 索引需要从根节点到枝节点,最后才能访问到页节点这样多次的IO访问
2、Hash 索引仅仅能满足"=","IN"和"<=>"查询,不能使用范围查询。
3、Hash 索引无法被用来避免数据的排序操作
4、Hash 索引不能利用部分索引键查询。
5、Hash 索引在任何时候都不能避免表扫描。
6、Hash 索引遇到大量Hash值相等的情况后性能并不一定就会比B-Tree索引高。

MySql索引类型
1.主键索引

2.普通索引

CREATE INDEX index_name ON table(column);
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD INDEX index_name (column);
Copy after login

3.唯一索引

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX indexName ON table(column);

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD UNIQUE indexName (column);
Copy after login

4.组合索引

ALTER TABLE `table` ADD INDEX name_account_email (name,account,email);
Copy after login

5.全文索引

ALTER TABLE article ADD FULLTEXT index_content(content);
CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX index_content ON article(content);
Copy after login

6.Mysql8新特性降序索引

推荐:《mysql教程

索引的缺点
1.虽然索引大大提高了查询速度,同时却会降低更新表的速度,如对表进行insert、update和delete。因为更新表时,不仅要保存数据,还要保存一下索引文件。
2.建立索引会占用磁盘空间的索引文件。一般情况这个问题不太严重,但如果你在一个大表上创建了多种组合索引,索引文件的会增长很快。
索引只是提高效率的一个因素,如果有大数据量的表,就需要花时间研究建立最优秀的索引,或优化查询语句。

*索引使用注意事项
使用索引时,有以下一些技巧和注意事项:
1.索引不会包含有null值的列
只要列中包含有null值都将不会被包含在索引中,复合索引中只要有一列含有null值,那么这一列对于此复合索引就是无效的。所以我们在数据库设计时不要让字段的默认值为null。
2.使用短索引
对串列进行索引,如果可能应该指定一个前缀长度。例如,如果有一个char(255)的列,如果在前10个或20个字符内,多数值是惟一的,那么就不要对整个列进行索引。短索引不仅可以提高查询速度而且可以节省磁盘空间和I/O操作。
3.索引列排序
查询只使用一个索引,因此如果where子句中已经使用了索引的话,那么order by中的列是不会使用索引的。因此数据库默认排序可以符合要求的情况下不要使用排序操作;尽量不要包含多个列的排序,如果需要最好给这些列创建复合索引。
4.like语句操作
一般情况下不推荐使用like操作,如果非使用不可,如何使用也是一个问题。like “%aaa%” 不会使用索引而like “aaa%”可以使用索引。
5.不要在列上进行运算,避免在条件查询的列上使用函数
这将导致索引失效而进行全表扫描*

怎么看查询语句是否走索引?
EXPLAIN sql语句

8bcbc831d40c165271d83c584f04836.png

如果key列有值的话,就说明该表走了索引,rows是扫描的数据数量

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