SQL SERVER 第一章 数据库设计
1.数据库的相关概念 数据(Data)数据就是客观信息的一种描述 数据库(DataBase) 指长期存储在计算机内有组织、可共享的数据集合。 数据库管理系统(DataBase Management System) 为数据库建立、使用和维护而配置的软件。 数据库系统(DataBase System) 在计算机
1.数据库的相关概念
数据(Data) 数据就是客观信息的一种描述
数据库(DataBase)
指长期存储在计算机内有组织、可共享的数据集合。
数据库管理系统(DataBase Management System)
为数据库建立、使用和维护而配置的软件。
数据库系统(DataBase System)
在计算机系统中引入数据库后的系统构成。
2.数据的冗余
同一数据反复存放
问题:浪费存储空间、更新数据容易出错。
数据库不一致性
同一数据在不同地方有不同的值
3.数据库的系统模型
数据库系统根据数据存储的数据模型可以分为:
层次性数据库
网状型数据库
关系型数据库
面向对象型数据库
4.数据库概念模型
基本概念:
实体:客观存在并可以相互区分的事物就叫实体
属性:实体的特性,美国服务器,通过属性来对实体进行描述
键、主键、外键:一个属性或者多个属性构成的子集合能够唯一标识整个属
5.为什么需要设计数据库
良好的数据库设计
节省数据的存储空间
能够保证数据的完整性
方便进行数据库应用系统的开发
糟糕的数据库设计
数据冗余、存储空间浪费
内存空间浪费
数据更新和插入的异常
6.软件项目开发周期
需求分析--实地调查
概念结构设计--实体模型
逻辑结构模型--逻辑模型
物理结构设计--物理模型
数据库实施--数据库的运用和调试
7.实体之间的关系
实体之间的关系
一对一
一对多
多对多
8.表示实体间的关系
E-R图
9.三大范式
第一范式的目标是确保每列的原子性
如果每列都是不可再分的最小数据单元(也称为最小的原子单元),则满足第一范式(1NF)
第二范式 (2nd NF)
如果一个关系满足1NF,并且除了主键以外的其他列,都依赖与该主键,则满足第二范式(2NF)
第二范式要求每个表只描述一件事情
第三范式 (3rd NF)
如果一个关系满足2NF,并且除了主键以外的其他列都不传递依赖于主键列,则满足第三范式(3NF)
10.数据库的设计规范是什么?
为了设计结构良好的数据库,需要遵守一些专门的规则,美国空间,称为数据库的设计范式。
11.可以分为那几范式?
第一范式(1NF)的目标:确保每列的原子性。
第二范式(2NF)的目标:确保表中的每列,都和主键相关 。
第三范式(3NF)的目标:确保每列都和主键列直接相关,而不是间接相关 。
12.什么是数据库?
长期存储在计算机内,有组织、可共享的数据集合
13.实体之间的关系有哪些?
一对一、一对多、多对多

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