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nosql数据库

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:45 PM
nosql database

介绍 MongoDB是一个基于分布式文件存储的数据库。由C++语言编写。主要解决的是海量数据的访问效率问题,为WEB应用提供可扩展的高性能数据存储解决方案。当数据量达到50GB以上的时候,MongoDB的数据库访问速度是MySQL的10倍以上。MongoDB的并发读写效率不是特

介绍

MongoDB是一个基于分布式文件存储的数据库。由C++语言编写。主要解决的是海量数据的访问效率问题,为WEB应用提供可扩展的高性能数据存储解决方案。当数据量达到50GB以上的时候,MongoDB的数据库访问速度是MySQL的10倍以上。MongoDB的并发读写效率不是特别出色,根据官方提供的性能测试表明,大约每秒可以处理0.5万~1.5万次读写请求。MongoDB还自带了一个出色的分布式文件系统GridFS,可以支持海量的数据存储。

MongoDB也有一个Ruby的项目MongoMapper,是模仿Merb的DataMapper编写的MongoDB接口,使用起来非常简单,几乎和DataMapper一模一样,功能非常强大。

MongoDB是一个介于关系数据库和非关系数据库之间的产品,是非关系数据库当中功能最丰富,最像关系数据库的。他支持的数据结构非常松散,是类似json的bjson格式,因此可以存储比较复杂的数据类型。Mongo最大的特点是他支持的查询语言非常强大,其语法有点类似于面向对象的查询语言,几乎可以实现类似关系数据库单表查询的绝大部分功能,而且还支持对数据建立索引。

所谓“面向集合”(Collenction-Orented),意思是数据被分组存储在数据集中,被称为一个集合(Collenction)。每个 集合在数据库中都有一个唯一的标识名,并且可以包含无限数目的文档。集合的概念类似关系型数据库(RDBMS)里的表(table),不同的是它不需要定 义任何模式(schema)。
模式自由(schema-free),意味着对于存储在mongodb数据库中的文件,我们不需要知道它的任何结构定义。如果需要的话,你完全可以把不同结构的文件存储在同一个数据库里。
存储在集合中的文档,被存储为键-值对的形式。键用于唯一标识一个文档,为字符串类型,而值则可以是各中复杂的文件类型。我们称这种存储形式为BSON(Binary Serialized dOcument Format)。

MongoDB服务端可运行在Linux、Windows或OS X平台,支持32位和64位应用,默认端口为27017。推荐运行在64位平台,因为MongoDB在32位模式运行时支持的最大文件尺寸为2GB。

MongoDB把数据存储在文件中(默认路径为:/data/db),为提高效率使用内存映射文件进行管理。

特性

它的特点是高性能、易部署、易使用,存储数据非常方便。主要功能特性有:

官方网站

2、CouchDB

介绍

Apache CouchDB 是一个面向文档的数据库管理系统。它提供以 JSON 作为数据格式的 REST 接口来对其进行操作,并可以通过视图来操纵文档的组织和呈现。 CouchDB 是 Apache 基金会的顶级开源项目。

CouchDB是用Erlang开发的面向文档的数据库系统,其数据存储方式类似Lucene的Index文件格式。CouchDB最大的意义在于它是一个面向Web应用的新一代存储系统,事实上,CouchDB的口号就是:下一代的Web应用存储系统。

特性

主要功能特性有:

官方网站

3、Hbase

介绍

HBase是一个分布式的、面向列的开源数据库,该技术来源于Chang et al所撰写的Google论文“Bigtable:一个结构化数据的分布式存储系统”。就像Bigtable利用了Google文件系统(File System)所提供的分布式数据存储一样,HBase在Hadoop之上提供了类似于Bigtable的能力。HBase是Apache的Hadoop项目的子项目。HBase不同于一般的关系数据库,它是一个适合于非结构化数据存储的数据库.另一个不同的是HBase基于列的而不是基于行的模式。

HBase – Hadoop Database,是一个高可靠性、高性能、面向列、可伸缩的分布式存储系统,利用HBase技术可在廉价PC Server上搭建起大规模结构化存储集群。   HBase是Google Bigtable的开源实现,类似Google Bigtable利用GFS作为其文件存储系统,HBase利用Hadoop HDFS作为其文件存储系统;Google运行MapReduce来处理Bigtable中的海量数据,HBase同样利用Hadoop MapReduce来处理HBase中的海量数据;Google Bigtable利用 Chubby作为协同服务,HBase利用Zookeeper作为对应。

HBase访问接口

特性

主要功能特性有:

支持数十亿行X上百万列

采用分布式架构 Map/reduce

对实时查询进行优化

高性能 Thrift网关

通过在server端扫描及过滤实现对查询操作预判

支持 XML, Protobuf, 和binary的HTTP

基于 Jruby( JIRB)的shell

对配置改变和较小的升级都会重新回滚

不会出现单点故障

堪比MySQL的随机访问性能

官方网站

4、cassandra

介绍

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