sql 触发器trigger 创建与用法
sql trigger 创建与用法
发器也是一种带名的pl/sql块。触发器类似于过程和函数,因为它们都是拥有声明
、执行和异常处理过程的带名pl/sql块。与包类似,触发器必须存储在中并
且不能被块进行本地化声明。
对于触发器而言,当触发事件发生的时候就会显式地执行该触发器,并且触发器不
接受参数
create table employee(
2> id int,
3> name nvarchar (10),
4> salary int,
5> start_date datetime,
6> city nvarchar (10),
7> region char (1))
8> go
1>
2> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
3> values (1, 'jason', 40420, '02/01/94', 'new york','w')
4> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (2, 'robert',14420, '01/02/95','vancouver','n')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (3, 'celia', 24020, '12/03/96', 'toronto','w')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (4, 'linda', 40620, '11/04/97', 'new york','n')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (5, 'david', 80026, '10/05/98','vancouver','w')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (6, 'james', 70060, '09/06/99', 'toronto','n')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (7, 'alison',90620, '08/07/00', 'new york','w')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (8, 'chris', 26020, '07/08/01','vancouver','n')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (9, 'mary', 60020, '06/09/02', 'toronto','w')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1>
2> * from employee
3> go
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
1 jason 40420 1994-02-01 00:00:00.000 new york w
2 robert 14420 1995-01-02 00:00:00.000 vancouver n
3 celia 24020 1996-12-03 00:00:00.000 toronto w
4 linda 40620 1997-11-04 00:00:00.000 new york n
5 david 80026 1998-10-05 00:00:00.000 vancouver w
6 james 70060 1999-09-06 00:00:00.000 toronto n
7 alison 90620 2000-08-07 00:00:00.000 new york w
8 chris 26020 2001-07-08 00:00:00.000 vancouver n
9 mary 60020 2002-06-09 00:00:00.000 toronto w(9 rows affected)
1>
2> -- creating and using triggers
3>
4>
5> create trigger mytrigger
6> on employee
7> for update, insert, delete
8> as
9> select * from inserted
10> select * from deleted
11> go
1>
2>
3> select 'before insert'
4> insert employee (id, name) values (31, 'rick')
5> go-------------
before insert(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
31 rick null null nullnull
(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
(0 rows affected)
1>
2> select 'before update'
3> update employee
4> set name = 'rickie'
5> where id = 3
6> go-------------
before update(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
3 rickie 24020 1996-12-03 00:00:00.000 toronto w(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
3 celia 24020 1996-12-03 00:00:00.000 toronto w(1 rows affected)
1>
2> select 'before delete'
3> delete from employee where id = 3
4> go-------------
before delete(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
(0 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
3 rickie 24020 1996-12-03 00:00:00.000 toronto w(1 rows affected)
1>
2>
3> drop table employee
4> go
1>
dml触发器的激活顺序
1)执行before语句级触发器—如果存在这种触发器
2)对受该语句影响的每一行记录
执行before行级触发器—如果存在这种触发器
执行该语句本身
执行after行级触发器--如果存在这种触发器
3)执行after语句级触发器--如果存在这种触发器
同一种类型的触发器的点火次序没有经过定义。如果该次序很重要的话,那么建议
将所有这些操作组合到一个触发器当中。
3、行级触发器中的关联标识符
触发器的激活语句每处理一行数据,行级触发器就会激活一次。可以在这种行级触
发器内部,访问正被处理的记录行中的数据。这是通过两个关联标识符--:old
和:new—实现的。关联标识符也是pl/sql的一种特殊的绑定变量。标识符前面的冒
号,既说明这二者都是绑定变量,同时也说明它们不是一般的pl/sql变量。pl/sql
编译器会将它们看作下面这个类型的记录:
triggering_table%rowtype
其中triggering_table是在其上定义触发器的表名。于是,下面这种引用
:new.field
就只有当其中的field是该触发表中的字段名时才会有效。
触发语句
:old
:new
insert
未定义—所有字段均为null
触发语句完成的时候,要插入的值
update
更新以前相应记录行的原始值
触发语句完成的时候,要更新的值
delete
删除以前相应记录行的原始值
未定义—所有字段均为null
注意:insert语句上没有定义:old标识符,delete语句上也没有定义:new标识符。
如果再insert语句上使用:old标识符,或者在delete语句上使用:new标识符,
pl/sql并不会产生错误,但是这两个字段值都会为null。
伪记录
虽然在语法构成上,会将:new和:old看作triggering_table%rowtype类型的记录,
但是,实际上它们并不是记录。因此,那些能够在记录上正常执行的操作,并不能
在:new和:old上执行。例如,不能将它们作为一个整体进行赋值。只能对其中的各
个字段分别赋值。

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics



The message "Your organization has asked you to change your PIN" will appear on the login screen. This happens when the PIN expiration limit is reached on a computer using organization-based account settings, where they have control over personal devices. However, if you set up Windows using a personal account, the error message should ideally not appear. Although this is not always the case. Most users who encounter errors report using their personal accounts. Why does my organization ask me to change my PIN on Windows 11? It's possible that your account is associated with an organization, and your primary approach should be to verify this. Contacting your domain administrator can help! Additionally, misconfigured local policy settings or incorrect registry keys can cause errors. Right now

Windows 11 brings fresh and elegant design to the forefront; the modern interface allows you to personalize and change the finest details, such as window borders. In this guide, we'll discuss step-by-step instructions to help you create an environment that reflects your style in the Windows operating system. How to change window border settings? Press + to open the Settings app. WindowsI go to Personalization and click Color Settings. Color Change Window Borders Settings Window 11" Width="643" Height="500" > Find the Show accent color on title bar and window borders option, and toggle the switch next to it. To display accent colors on the Start menu and taskbar To display the theme color on the Start menu and taskbar, turn on Show theme on the Start menu and taskbar

By default, the title bar color on Windows 11 depends on the dark/light theme you choose. However, you can change it to any color you want. In this guide, we'll discuss step-by-step instructions for three ways to change it and personalize your desktop experience to make it visually appealing. Is it possible to change the title bar color of active and inactive windows? Yes, you can change the title bar color of active windows using the Settings app, or you can change the title bar color of inactive windows using Registry Editor. To learn these steps, go to the next section. How to change title bar color in Windows 11? 1. Using the Settings app press + to open the settings window. WindowsI go to "Personalization" and then

Do you see "A problem occurred" along with the "OOBELANGUAGE" statement on the Windows Installer page? The installation of Windows sometimes stops due to such errors. OOBE means out-of-the-box experience. As the error message indicates, this is an issue related to OOBE language selection. There is nothing to worry about, you can solve this problem with nifty registry editing from the OOBE screen itself. Quick Fix – 1. Click the “Retry” button at the bottom of the OOBE app. This will continue the process without further hiccups. 2. Use the power button to force shut down the system. After the system restarts, OOBE should continue. 3. Disconnect the system from the Internet. Complete all aspects of OOBE in offline mode

Taskbar thumbnails can be fun, but they can also be distracting or annoying. Considering how often you hover over this area, you may have inadvertently closed important windows a few times. Another disadvantage is that it uses more system resources, so if you've been looking for a way to be more resource efficient, we'll show you how to disable it. However, if your hardware specs can handle it and you like the preview, you can enable it. How to enable taskbar thumbnail preview in Windows 11? 1. Using the Settings app tap the key and click Settings. Windows click System and select About. Click Advanced system settings. Navigate to the Advanced tab and select Settings under Performance. Select "Visual Effects"

Many users will choose the Huawei brand when choosing smart watches. Among them, Huawei GT3pro and GT4 are very popular choices. Many users are curious about the difference between Huawei GT3pro and GT4. Let’s introduce the two to you. . What are the differences between Huawei GT3pro and GT4? 1. Appearance GT4: 46mm and 41mm, the material is glass mirror + stainless steel body + high-resolution fiber back shell. GT3pro: 46.6mm and 42.9mm, the material is sapphire glass + titanium body/ceramic body + ceramic back shell 2. Healthy GT4: Using the latest Huawei Truseen5.5+ algorithm, the results will be more accurate. GT3pro: Added ECG electrocardiogram and blood vessel and safety

We all have different preferences when it comes to display scaling on Windows 11. Some people like big icons, some like small icons. However, we all agree that having the right scaling is important. Poor font scaling or over-scaling of images can be a real productivity killer when working, so you need to know how to customize it to get the most out of your system's capabilities. Advantages of Custom Zoom: This is a useful feature for people who have difficulty reading text on the screen. It helps you see more on the screen at one time. You can create custom extension profiles that apply only to certain monitors and applications. Can help improve the performance of low-end hardware. It gives you more control over what's on your screen. How to use Windows 11

Screen brightness is an integral part of using modern computing devices, especially when you look at the screen for long periods of time. It helps you reduce eye strain, improve legibility, and view content easily and efficiently. However, depending on your settings, it can sometimes be difficult to manage brightness, especially on Windows 11 with the new UI changes. If you're having trouble adjusting brightness, here are all the ways to manage brightness on Windows 11. How to Change Brightness on Windows 11 [10 Ways Explained] Single monitor users can use the following methods to adjust brightness on Windows 11. This includes desktop systems using a single monitor as well as laptops. let's start. Method 1: Use the Action Center The Action Center is accessible
