Home Database Mysql Tutorial Select语句,join,union用法

Select语句,join,union用法

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:48 PM
gt join lt nbsp select

一、基本的SELECT语句

    1. “*”的注意事项:在SELECT语句中,用*来选取所有的列,这是一个应该抵制的习惯。

    虽然节省了输入列名的时间,但是也意味着获得的数据比真正需要的数据多的多。相应的,也会降低应用程序的性能及网络性能。

    良好的规则是只选所需。


    2. join子句

    jion是用来定义如何从多个表中选取数据并组合成一个结果集。

    jion必需是因为(1)我们所要获取的所有信息并不都在一个表中,或者(2)所要返回的信息都在一个表中,但是其上设置的条件信息却在另一个表中。

    jion的共同点是通过记录的连接列,把一条记录同一条或者多条其他记录进行匹配,从而产生出是这些记录的超级的记录。

        2.1 INNER JOIN

    INNER JOIN只返回进行联接的字段上匹配的记录。INNER JOIN是在做排除。

    自引用是为了某种原因把一个表联接回它自身。

    INNER JOIN是默认的联接方式。

        2.2 OUTER JOIN

    OUTER JOIN有左右联接之分,而INNER JOIN没有左右联接之分。

    RIGHT(LEFT) OUTER JOIN是既想要包含右侧表中的所有行,以及左侧表中有匹配记录的行。

        2.3 FULL JOIN

    FULL JOIN联接,就是要包含位于联接两侧的表中所有的行。

        2.4 CROSS JOIN

    CROSS JOIN没有ON联接符,并且将join一侧表中的每一条记录与另一侧的表中所有的记录联接起来。即联接表中的笛卡尔积。

    CROSS JOIN可用于提供样本数据和科学数据


    3. WHERE子句

    一些常用且不太熟悉的操作符:

    BETWEEN: BETWEEN num1 AND num2

    LIKE: LIKE "ANY%" %代表0个或者多个任意字符。_代表单个任意字符。[]表示括号中包含的任意单个字符。^排除下一个。

    EXISTS: EXISTS 查询语句。


    4. ORDER BY

    你知道吗?查询的返回结果通常是以字母或者数字顺序方式给出,这是偶然的。

    以何种方式给出,在没有指定的情况下,通常取决于SQLServer认为哪一种汇集数据的方式开销最小。因此,返回的结果通常是基于表中数据的物理顺序或者SQLServer用来找寻数据所使用的某个索引。

    默认降序DESC,升序是ASC

    ORDER BY 子句可以基于查询中使用的任何表中的任何字段来进行排序,无论该列是否包含在SELECT列表中。


    5. 使用GROUP BY 子句聚集数据

    一旦在查询语句中使用了GROUP BY,SELECT列表中的每一列要么包含在GROUP BY列表中,要不包含在聚集中。

    当聚集不与GROUP BY一起使用时,聚集只能与其他聚集一起位于SELECT列表中,而不能与列名搭配出现在SELECT列表中。

    除了COUNT(*) 之外,任何聚集函数都会忽略NULL值。


    6. HAVING子句

    仅当查询语句中有GROUP BY子句时使用HAVING子句。

    WHERE子句应用到形成组的每一行上,HAVING子句应用到组的聚集上。

    7. DISTINCT子句

    DISTINCT消除重复数据。如果值是相同的,则该值出现一次。

    DISTINCT出现在列表的开始处,或者出现在COUNT中。

    二、基本的INSERT语句

    1. 基本结构

    INSERT [INTO] table_name [table_column_list] VALUES (data_value_list)

    INTO是可以省略的。

    table_column_list建议都显式给出,一是增强可读性,二是以后即使是表的结构发生改变,也不会有所影响。

    2. INSERT INTO ... SELECT语句

    批量插入数据。

    INSERT [INTO] []


    三、UPDATE语句更改现有数据

    UPDATE

    SET = [, = ]

    [FROM ]

    [WHERE ]

    UPDATE 可以从一个表中生成数据,但是只影响一个表。


    四、DELETE语句

    DELETE

    [FROM]

    [FROM]

    WHERE

    有关DELETE的一个小例子:

    films表                                                           actors表

    filmId   |   filmname   |   yearmade                    filmId   |   firstname   |   lastname

    1               'host'           1984                            1                'li'               'si'

    2               'shit'            1999                            2               'wang'          'wu'

                                                                           3               'liu'               'li'

    从actors表中删除在films表中没有匹配的行:

    DELETE FROM actors

    FROM actors a

    LEFT JOIN films f on a.filmId = f.filmId

    WHERE f.filmname is null;

    MySQL 语法:delete a.* from actors a left join films f  on a.yearmade = f.yearmade where f. yearmade is null

    MySQL不支持双FROM。


    五、UNION

    UNION可以让两个或者更多个查询产生单个结果集。

    JOIN水平的合并数据,而UNION垂直的合并数据。

    UNION的几个要点:

    1. 要进行UNION的SELECT 列表中列的数量是相通的。

    2. 合并的结果集返回的标头仅取第一个查询。

    3. 数据类型必须相同或者隐式兼容。

    4. 返回默认是DISTINCT而非ALL。

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