Home Database Mysql Tutorial MySQL锁的用法之表级锁

MySQL锁的用法之表级锁

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:58 PM
mysql database document mechanism usage system

锁机制是数据库有别于文件系统的一个重要的特点,也是用来管理并发访问的一个有效的方式。MySQL的锁分为表级锁、页级锁与行级锁。表级锁是MySQL中粒度最大的一种锁,它实现简单,资源消耗较少,被大部分MySQL引擎支持。最常使用的MYISAM与INNODB都支持表级锁

锁机制是数据库有别于文件系统的一个重要的特点,也是用来管理并发访问的一个有效的方式。MySQL的锁分为表级锁、页级锁与行级锁。表级锁是MySQL中粒度最大的一种锁,它实现简单,资源消耗较少,被大部分MySQL引擎支持。最常使用的MYISAM与INNODB都支持表级锁定。
    表级锁定分为两类,读锁与写锁。读锁是预期将对数据表进行读取操作,锁定期间保证表不能被修改。写锁是预期会对数据表更新操作,锁定期间保证表不能被其他线程更新或读取。

    读锁:

    用法: LOCK TABLE table_name [ AS alias_name ] READ

    指定数据表,LOCK类型为READ即可,AS别名是可选参数,如果指定别名,使用时也要指定别名才可

    申请读锁前提:当前没有线程对该数据表使用写锁,否则申请会阻塞。

    操作限制:其他线程可以对锁定表使用读锁;其他线程不可以对锁定表使用写锁

  写操作 读操作
使用读锁线程 否(报错) 能
不使用读锁线程 否(阻塞) 能
    对于使用读锁的MySQL线程,由于读锁不允许任何线程对锁定表进行修改,在释放锁资源前,该线程对表操作只能进行读操作,写操作时会提示非法操作。而对于其他没使用锁的MySQL线程,对锁定表进行读操作可以正常进行,但是进行写操作时,线程会等待读锁的释放,当锁定表的所有读锁都释放时,线程才会响应写操作。

  写锁:

    用法: LOCK TABLE table_name [AS alias_name] [ LOW_PRIORITY ] WRITE

    别名用法与读锁一样,写锁增加了指定优先级的功能,加入LOW_PRIORITY可以指定写锁为低优先级。

    申请写锁前提: 当没有线程对该数据表使用写锁与读锁,否则申请回阻塞。

    操作限制:其他MySQL线程不可以对锁表使用写锁、读锁
  写操作 读操作
使用写锁线程 能 能
不使用写锁线程 否(阻塞) 能(阻塞)
    对于使用写锁的MySQL线程,其可以对锁定表进行读写操作。但是对于其他线程,对指定表读写操作都是非法的,需要等待直到写锁释放。



锁分配优先级:

对于锁分配的优先级,是: LOW_PRIORITY WRITE
1. 当多个线程申请锁,会优先分配给WRITE锁,不存在WRITE锁时,才分配READ锁,LOW_PRIORITY WRITE需要等到WRITE锁与READ都释放后,才有机会分配到资源。

2. 对于相同优先级的锁申请,分配原则为谁先申请,谁先分配。

注意事项:

1. 不能操作(查询或更新)没有被锁定的表。

    例如当只申请table1的读锁,SQL语句中包含对table2的操作是非法的。例如:

mysql> LOCK TABLE test READ; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 
 
mysql> SELECT * FROM test_myisam; 
ERROR 1100 (HY000): Table 'test_myisam' was not locked with LOCK TABLES 
2. 不能在一个SQL中使用两次表(除非使用别名)

    当SQL语句中多次使用一张表时,系统会报错。例如:

mysql> LOCK TABLE test READ; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 
 
mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM test ); 
ERROR 1100 (HY000): Table 'test' was not locked with LOCK TABLES 
解决这个问题的方法是使用别名,如果多次使用到一个表,需要声明多个别名。
mysql> LOCK TABLE test AS t1 READ, test AS t2 READ; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 
 
mysql>  SELECT * FROM test AS t1 WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM test AS t2); 
+----+-----------+  
| id | content   | 
+----+-----------+  
|  1 | tt_1      | 
|  3 | new_3     | 
|  4 | new_4     | 
|  5 | content_5 | 
+----+-----------+  
4 rows in set (0.00 sec) 
3.  申请锁时使用别名,使用锁定表时必须加上别名。
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