SQL Server 空值处理策略[推荐]
数据完整性是任何数据库系统要保证的重点。不管系统计划得有多好,空数据值的问题总是存在。
文章转自IT专家网论坛,作者builder本文探讨了在SQL Server中处理这些值时涉及的3个问题:计数、使用空表值以及外键处理。 数据完整性是任何数据库系统要保证的重点。不管系统计划得有多好,空数据值的问题总是存在。本文探讨了在SQL Server中处理这些值时涉及的3个问题:计数、使用空表值以及外键处理。
用COUNT(*)处理空值
大多数集合函数都能在计算时消除空值;COUNT函数则属于例外。对包含空值的一个列使用COUNT函数,空值会从计算中消除。但假如COUNT函数使用一个星号,它就计算所有行,而不管是否存在空值。
如果希望COUNT函数对给定列的所有行(包括空值)进行计数,请使用ISNULL函数。ISNULL函数会将空值替换成有效的值。
事实上,对集合函数来说,如果空值可能导致错误结果,ISNULL函数就非常有用。记住在使用一个星号时,COUNT函数会对所有行进行计算。下例演示了空值在AVG和COUNT集合函数中的影响:
代码如下:
SET NOCOUNT ON
GO
CREATE TABLE xCount
(pkey1 INT IDENTITY NOT NULL
CONSTRAINT pk_xCount PRIMARY KEY,
Col1 int NULL)
GO
INSERT xCount (Col1) VALUES (10)
GO
INSERT xCount (Col1) VALUES (15)
GO
INSERT xCount (Col1) VALUES (20)
GO
INSERT xCount (Col1) VALUES (NULL)
GO
SELECT AVG(Col1) AvgWithoutIsNullFunctionOnCol1,
AVG(ISNULL(Col1,0)) AvgWithIsNullFunctionOnCol1,
COUNT(Col1) NoIsNullFunctionOnCol1 ,
COUNT(ISNULL(Col1,0)) UsinGISNullFunctionOnCol1,
Count(*) UsingAsterisk
FROM xCount
GO
DROP TABLE xCount
GO
OUTPUT:
AvgWOIsNullFnctnCol1 AvgWIsNullFnctnCol1 WOIsNullFnctnCol1
WIsNullFnctnCol1 UsingAsterisk
---------------- ------------- -------------- ------------
15 11 3 4 4
恰当使用空表值
SQL Server可能出现一种特殊情况:在引用父表的一个表中,因为不允许空值,所以“声明引用完整性”(DRI)可能不会得到强制。即使父表不包含空值,在子表引用了父表主键约束或惟一约束的列中,也可能包含空值。
假如来自父表的值目前未知,就不会有任何问题。例如,父表可能是一个地址表,而子表可能包含联系信息。由于许多原因,可能暂时不知道要传给父表的联系地址。这是一种基于时间的问题,空值在其中或许是合适的。
如下例所示,我们创建父表,并在其中插入两个值。
代码如下:
SET NOCOUNT ON
GOCREATE TABLE Parent(pkey1 INT IDENTITY NOT NULL
CONSTRAINT pkParent PRIMARY KEY,col1 INT NULL)GOINSERT
Parent (col1) VALUES (284)GOINSERT
Parent (col1) VALUES (326)GO
以下代码则创建子表,并在引用父表的列中插入一个空值。
CREATE TABLE Child
(pkey1 INT IDENTITYCONSTRAINT pkChild
PRIMARY KEY,Parentpkey1 INT NULLCONSTRAINT fkChildParent
FOREIGN KEYREFERENCES Parent(pkey1),col1 INT NULL)
GOINSERT Child (Parentpkey1, col1) VALUES (null,2)GO
但在以下代码中,要同时从父表和子表选择值。虽然父表不包含空值,但在子表引用了父表的那个列中,将允许一个空值。
然后丢弃所有表,清除这个演示所用的数据库对象。
SELECT * FROM ChildGOSELECT * FROM ParentGODROP TABLE Child, ParentGO
在可以为空的外键中检查数据的有效性
如果由两个列共同组成主键,而且一个子表将主键作为可为空值的外键来继承,就可能得到错误的数据。可在一个外键列中插入有效的值,但在另一个外键列中插入空值。然后,可添加一个数据表检查约束,在可为空的外键中检查数据的有效性。
任何多列外键都可能遇到同样的问题。所以,你需要添加一个检查约束来检测异常。最初,检查约束将检查构成外键的所有列中可能为空的值。检查约束还要检查这些列中不能为空的值。如两个检查都通过,问题就解决了。
以下示范脚本展示了这样的一个异常,以及如何用检查约束来纠正它。
空值是所有数据库开发者和管理员都要遇到的。所以,要想开发成功的应用程序,必须知道如何处理这些值。本文和你分享了空值处理的一些技巧和技术。

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