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Oracle with子句

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:59 PM
oracle with example study

以例子学习with: 1.with 2.--查询部门和部门的总薪水 3. dept_costs as ( 4. select d.department_name,sum(e.salary) dept_total 5. from departments d,employees e 6. where d.department_id=e.department_id 7. group by d.department_name 8. ), 9.--利

以例子学习with:

1.with  
2.--查询部门和部门的总薪水   
3.  dept_costs as (  
4.                 select d.department_name,sum(e.salary) dept_total  
5.                   from departments d,employees e  
6.                  where d.department_id=e.department_id  
7.                  group by d.department_name  
8.                 ),  
9.--利用上一个with查询的结果,计算部门的平均总薪水   
10.  avg_costs as (  
11.                select avg(dept_total) dept_avg  
12.                  from dept_costs  
13.                )  
14.--从两个with查询中比较并且输出查询结果   
15.  select *  
16.    from dept_costs  
17.   where dept_total > (select dept_avg from avg_costs)  
18.  order by department_name 
注释:

① 子查询可重用相同或者前一个with查询块,通过select调用(with子句也只能被select调用)

② with子句的查询输出存储到用户临时表空间,一次查询,到处使用

③ 同级select前有多个查询定义,第一个用with,后面的不用with,并且用逗号分割

④ 最后一个with查询块与下面的select调用之间不能用逗号分割,只通过右括号分离,with子句的查询必须括号括起

⑤ 如果定义了with子句,而在查询中不使用,则会报ora-32035错误,只要后面有引用的即可,不一定在select调用,在后with查询块引用也是可以的

⑥ 前面的with子句定义的查询在后面的with子句中可以使用,但是一个with子句内部不能嵌套with子句

⑦ with查询的结果列有别名,引用时候必须使用别名或者*

再来看with的语法
with子句的优点
① with子句有可能会改变执行计划
② with子查询只执行一次,将结果存储在用户的临时表空间,可多次引用,增加性能
③ sql的可读性较强

案例:

-

Ⅰ一般使用方式

1.with  
2.--查询销售部门员工的姓名   
3.  saler_name as (  
4.                 select department_id from departments  where department_name='SALES' order by department_id  
5.                 )  
6.select last_name,first_name  
7.  from employees e  
8. where department_id in (select * from saler_name)  注释:使用with子句,可以在复杂的查询中预先定义好一个结果集,然后在查询中反复使用,不使用会报错。而且with子句获得的是一个临时表,必须采用select from (with查询名)
Ⅱ 在多数子查询中引用,同级可见

1.select last_name  
2.  from (with  
3.--查询销售部门员工的姓名   
4.  saler_name as (  
5.                 select department_id from departments  where department_name='SALES' order by department_id  
6.                 )  
7.select last_name,first_name  
8.  from employees e  
9. where department_id in (select * from
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