SQL Server 服务器优化技巧浅谈
数据文件和日志文件的操作会产生大量的I/O。在可能的条件下,日志文件应该存放在一个与数据和索引所在的数据文件不同的硬盘上以分散I/O,同时还有利于数据库的灾难恢复。
1.数据和日志文件分开存放在不同磁盘上数据文件和日志文件的操作会产生大量的I/O。在可能的条件下,日志文件应该存放在一个与数据和索引所在的数据文件不同的硬盘上以分散I/O,同时还有利于数据库的灾难恢复。
2.tempdb数据库单独存放在不同磁盘上
tempdb数据库是其他所有数据库都有可能使用的临时数据库。当使用select into、在没建立索引的列上执行Orderby时就会在tempdb数据库中产生临时表来存储中间数据。由于建立和填充临时表会严重降低系统性能,所以在尽可能的情况下应该为要排序的列建立索引。同时,tempdb数据库是为所有的用户和应用程序共享,所以如果一个用户占据了tempdb数据库的所有空间,则其他数据库将不能再使用。在可能的情况下,tempdb数据库应该单独放置在一个速度更快的硬盘或者RAID阵列上。分离tempdb数据库的I/O操作以加快性能。tempdb数据库应该有适当的容量,以满足用户的需要。应该允许tempdb数据库的空间自动增长。如果设置为不允许自动增长,当查询操作建立了超过tempdb数据库容量的临时表时,操作将无法完成。
适当设置tempdb数据库的增长幅度,过小的增长幅度会产生更多的外部碎片,会占用更多的资源。
3.避免热点数据的发生
在SQLServer7.0之前,对于没有聚集索引的表(堆集表),新插入的数据行总是放置在磁盘中表的物理结尾处。如果并发的用户很多,同时在对表执行插入或者更新数据的操作,这将使得十分繁忙的表的末尾有可能产生数据热点。并发的I/O操作集中对少数页面进行操作,将导致数据库性能的下降。
在SQLServer中,新的数据行的物理存储空间的分配是通过PFS页面来进行的。PFS页面的管理算法将插入操作进行分散来尽量避免产生数据热点。
在设计应用系统和数据库时,要避免在自然增长的列上建立主键,这样有可能导致热点数据的发生。
4.数据类型要少
在设计表时,尽可能少用数据类型。这样一个数据页面上可以保存最多的信息。数据页面就少,检索数据页面的I/O操作就少,所以效率会高。
5.监控和整理空间碎片
文件空间的自动增长提高了自动管理性,但可能导致空间碎片。物理空间与数据的逻辑空间不再连续。定期的监控和空间碎片整理有利于提高I/O性能。
6.使用主数据文件和次要数据文件
每个数据库的一个主数据文件属于主文件组。对于1GB左右规模的数据库,一个数据文件就够了,如果有次要数据文件,主数据文件中有管理次要数据文件的指针。
采用多个数据文件时,主数据文件用于存储系统对象和表,次要数据文件用于存储用户数据和索引。在可能的情况下,主数据文件和次要数据文件可以单独存放在不同的磁盘上以分散I/O。
如果采用多个数据文件,推荐主数据文件存储系统数据,次要数据文件存放用户数据和索引,这样会有助于提高I/O性能。

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