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mysql 数据库设计

Jun 07, 2016 pm 06:01 PM
mysql Database Design

大家都知道mysql的myisam表适合读操作大,写操作少;表级锁表

innodb表正好相反;行级锁表
互联网服务,不算支付性的服务外,互动产品,新闻系统等等一般都是读多,写少。用myisam表比较合适。
表的设计
定长表:所有列的字段长度都是定长的。可以去查mysql的手册不定长字段是VARCHAR、BLOB或TEXT。int char都是定长的,定长表占用空间会大。
动态表:就是字段不是都定长的。
定长表要比动态表检索速度快。

软件系统的设计习惯是把每张表都分清很明确的功能,比如用户表都是用户信息,如果需要同时从留言表取数据,又从用户表取用户信息的时候,就会采用联合查 询,有的时候一些操作还会用left,join等各种复杂sql语句,没准还要用mysql的函数。如果是针对访问量,读取量很大的互联网服务时,同时并 发去读,数据量又大,很可怕。最好是如果数据不会修改,在常用的表上有冗余字段,能够做到一次读,把数据都拿到;可以有冗余的写操作,但减少复杂的查询操 作。

在设计表的时候要将这个表的所有字段类型占用的字节数求和,并乘以你的预期(如:存储100W数据量),就是整张表未来会占用容量。

拆表 拆库
拆表就是将一张表复制N多张,里面分别存放不用内容的数据,数据的存放是用HASH算法来决定放入哪张表。
例如用户表user,传统情况就是一张表,拆表就是将表复制为user_01,user_02等里面都存放了格式一样的不同用户数据。

拆库和拆表类似,就是库的复制。

拆表或拆库有很多的HASH算法,主要目的就是减少表的数据量,用算法保证每个表的数据量平均,请求,读写操作被分摊降低压力,而且安全,出了问题最多是一部分用户受影响。缺点就是检索不方便,需要另想办法。

很多网站为了前期省事都会采用discuz的产品,如bbs,blog等,网上有不少关于这个产品的介绍和优化方法,没细研究过,听过一些网站介绍他们的 优化方法时,对于数据库主要是采用主从的方法,将数据库的读写分离来提高性能,但是个人觉得这种办法在数据量到了规模的时候就OVER了,并发和读写操作 没提升,数据也是会逐渐累计超过限制。

互联网服务由于要应对大数据量,大请求量,所以在设计开发的时候就不要太学院派,不要力图达到数据库、程序的设计“优美”,性能是最要紧的。
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