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PHP Session的生存周期与用法详解

Jun 08, 2016 pm 05:25 PM
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PHP Session的生存周期与用法详解


session 是一种服务器端用于存储有关用户会话信息的机制,服务器使用一种类似于散列表的结构(也可能就是使用散列表)来保存信息。

当程序需要为某个客户端的请求创建一个 session 的时候,服务器首先会检查这个客户端是否已经包含了一个 session 标识,这个我们称为 session id(获取方法为 session_id() ),如果已包含一个 session id 则说明此客户端之前已经创建过 session,服务器则按照 session id 把这个 session 中的值检索出来,如果客户端不包含 session id,说明此客户端第一次请求服务器或手动清除过缓存文件,则为此客户端创建一个 session 并且生成一个与此 session 相关联的 session id,一般来说,session id 的值是不会重复的,并且加密的字符串,这个 session id 将被在本次响应中返回给客户端保存。

session 在何时被创建 ?

通常(是指通常)是在浏览器向服务器端第一次请求时被创建,并且它会占用一定的内存空间,因此在不必要的情况下,尽最关闭 session 。

session 何时被删除

通常情况下,session 在会在这几种情况下被删除,一是使用 session_destroy() 重置函数手动删除;二是 session 的上次活动时间距离当前时间的间隔超过了 session 的超时设置的时间;三是服务器进程被停止。

怎么在浏览器关闭时删除 session

理论上来说,是做不到这一点,http是一种无状态协议,因此服务器不知道客户端什么时候关掉的浏览器,并且PHP也没有一个关相的函数来获取此项信息,但这个问题还可以得到解决,就是使用 网页特效 代码 window.oncolose 来监视浏览器的关闭动作,然后用Ajax向服务器端发送一个请求来删除 session ,但这个办法也并不会完全解决问题,原因是在有些情况下比如浏览器崩溃、突然断电、用户死机等这些时候并不能作出反应。


在PHP中有关Session的函数比较多,不过我们最常用到的也就这么几个函数:
session_start(), session_register(),session_unregister(),
session_is_registered(),session_destroy函数.
session_start():启用session机制,在需要用到session的程序文件的最开始调用它.
session_register():注册session变量
session_unregister(): 删除session变量(一个一个删除)
session_is_registered(): 判断session变量是否注册
session_distroy(): 销毁所有session变量(所有session变量销毁)


们来看一下验证程序,假设数据库教程存储的是用户名和 md5 加密后的密码:

<?php教程

// 表单提交后...
$posts = $_POST;
// 清除一些空白符号
foreach ($posts as $key => $value)
{
$posts[$key] = trim($value);
}
$password = md5($posts["password"]);
$username = $posts["username"];

$query = "SELECT `username` FROM `user` WHERE `password` = '$password'";
// 取得查询结果
$userInfo = $DB->getRow($query);

if (!empty($userInfo))
{
if ($userInfo["username"] == $username)
{
// 当验证通过后,启动 Session
session_start();
// 注册登陆成功的 admin 变量,并赋值 true
$_SESSION["admin"] = true;
}
else
{
die("用户名密码错误");
}
}
else
{
die("用户名密码错误");

  我们在需要用户验证的页面启动 Session,判断是否登陆:

<?php
// 防止全局变量造成安全隐患
$admin = false;

// 启动会话,这步必不可少
session_start();

// 判断是否登陆
if (isset($_SESSION["admin"]) && $_SESSION["admin"] === true)
{
echo "您已经成功登陆";
}
else
{
// 验证失败,将 $_SESSION["admin"] 置为 false
$_SESSION["admin"] = false;
die("您无权访问");
}

?>

需要注意下面几个方面:
 1.函数session_start()必须在程序最开始执行,在其前面不能有任何输出内容,否则
    就会出现“Warning:Cannot send session cookie - headers already
   sent"类似这样的警告信息.
 2.函数session_register()用于注册要保存在session中的相关变量,其用法如下:
    $val = "session value";
  session_register("val");
 ?>
 val即为要注册的session变量名,在注册时一定不要加上"$"符号,只写其变量名称即可.

 3.函数session_unregister()与上面函数用法完全相同,但功能相反,上面函数是注册
session变量,而其则是删除指定的session变量.
 4.函数session_is_registered()用于判断session变量是否注册.
 5.函数session_destroy()主要用于在系统注销和退出时,销毁所有的session变量,
它没有参数,直接调用即可。

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