举例讲解Python中的list列表数据结构用法

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Release: 2016-06-10 15:05:53
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循环和列表

不管怎样,程序会做一些重复的事情,下面我们就用for循环打印一个列表变量。做这个练习的时候你必须自己弄懂它们的含义和作用。

在使用for循环之前,我们需要一个东西保存循环的值,最好的方法是使用一个列表,列表就是按照顺序保存数据的容器,不是很复杂,就是一种新的语法而已,结构像下面这样:

hairs = ['brown', 'blond', 'red']
eyes = ['brown', 'blue', 'green']
weights = [1, 2, 3, 4]
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list以 [ 号开头,里面的元素以 , 号分隔,像函数的参数一样,然后以 ] 结束,python把所有这些包含在一个变量中。

下面我们来看一些list,并且循环打印它们:

the_count = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 
fruits = ['apples', 'oranges', 'pears', 'apricots'] 
change = [1, 'pennies', 2, 'domes', 3, 'quarters'] 
 
 
# this first kind of for-loop goes through a list 
for number in the_count: 
  print "This is count %d" % number 
 
 
# same as above 
for fruit in fruits: 
  print "A fruit of type: %s" % fruit 
 
 
# also we can go through mixed lists too 
# notice we have to use %r since we don't know what's in it 
for i in change: 
  print "I got %r" % i 
 
 
# we can also build lists, first start with an empty on 
elements = [] 
 
 
# then use the range function to do 0 to 5 counts 
for i in range(0, 6): 
  print "Adding %d to the list." % i 
  # append is a function that lists understand 
  elements.append(i) 
 
 
# now we can print them out too 
for i in elements: 
  print "Elements was: %d" % i 

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运行结果

root@he-desktop:~/mystuff# python ex32.py 
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This is count 1
This is count 2
This is count 3
This is count 4
This is count 5
A fruit of type: apples
A fruit of type: oranges
A fruit of type: pears
A fruit of type: apricots
I got 1
I got 'pennies'
I got 2
I got 'domes'
I got 3
I got 'quarters'
Adding 0 to the list.
Adding 1 to the list.
Adding 2 to the list.
Adding 3 to the list.
Adding 4 to the list.
Adding 5 to the list.
Elements was: 0
Elements was: 1
Elements was: 2
Elements was: 3
Elements was: 4
Elements was: 5

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访问列表中的元素
List是非常有用的,前提是要知道怎么用,那么我们怎么访问列表中的元素呢?下面看看我们怎么访问列表的第一个元素的:

animals = ['bear', 'tiger', 'penguin', 'zebra']
bear = animals[0]
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我们使用0去获得第一个元素?这是怎么工作的呢?因为python开始一个list是从0开始的,看上去很奇怪,但是有很多好处,暂且认为这是一个规定吧。

这就提现了我们用数字和程序用数字的不同。

想象一下,我们让这四个动物进行竞速比赛,然后按照他们的名次在list排列。如果你的朋友想知道谁赢了,那么他会说:”谁是第0名?“,当然不会,他会说:”谁是第一名?“

这里也说明了排序的重要性,没有第一就没有第二的说法,没有第二就没有第三。而且第0名也是不可能存在的,0就表示没有。我们怎么让没有去赢得比赛?这不合常理。我们把这些数字叫做有序的数字,因为它们有序的区别了一些东西。

当然,程序员不会想这些,因为他们可以从list中取出元素,对于程序员来说,上面的list就想一叠卡片。如果他们想要老虎,就取出老虎,想要斑马就取得斑马。想要随机的取得任何元素的话,就要给每个元素一个地址,或者说是一个索引,最好的办法是从0开始,然后按照顺序排列,这样我们就能随便取元素了,即使是第0个元素。

比如说,你想要第三个动物,那么你就可以用3减去1,得出索引2,那么就可以得到第三个动物了。

记住:序号==顺序1,基数==0

让我们做一个练习,通过我提供的序号和基数值写出相应的动物。记住,说第一,第二的时候表示序号,单单给出一个数字的时候表示基数。

animals = ['bear', 'python', 'peacock', 'kangaroo', 'whale', 'platypus']
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The animal at 1.
The 3rd animal.
The 1st animal.
The animal at 3.
The 5th animal.
The animal at 2.
The 6th animal.
The animal at 4.
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回答的格式像这样:第一个动物是在0号,它是bear。

列表操作
如果我们只知道使用list的append方法,那么我们还不是真正知道这个函数的用法,让我们来看看它的使用方法吧。

当我们使用mystuff.append('hello')的时候发生了一系列的事情,让我们看看到底发生了什么:
python会先查看mystuff变量,看看是不是函数的参数,或者是全局变量,反正先要找到mystuff。
当mystuff使用 . 号的时候,会先看mystuff这个变量是什么,如果是list的话,会有很多它的方法可以使用。
使用append的时候,会去查找mystuff是不是有'append‘这个名称,有的话就直接拿来使用。
如果append后面有圆括号,那么就知道它是一个函数,像平时一样执行这个函数就好了,还会有额外的参数。
这个额外的参数就是mystuff,奇怪吧,但是python就是这样做的,最后函数是这样的:append(mystuff, 'hello')。
大多数情况下你不必知道这是怎么回事,但是在你遇到下面这个错误的时候就有帮助了:

root@he-desktop:~# python
Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, Apr 16 2010, 13:09:56) 
[GCC 4.4.3] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
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>>> class Thing(object):
...   def test(hi):
...       print "hi"
... 
>>> a = Thing()
>>> a.test("hello")
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: test() takes exactly 1 argument (2 given)
>>> 

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下面的练习是将字符串和列表混合起来,看看我们能不能找出一些好玩的。

ten_things = "Apples Oranges Crows Telephone Light Sugar" 
 
 
print "Wait there's not 10 things in that list, let's fix that." 
 
 
stuff = ten_things.split(" ") 
more_stuff = ["Day", "Night", "Song", "Frisbee", "Corn", "Banana", "Girl", "Boy"] 
 
 
while len(stuff) != 10: 
  next_one = more_stuff.pop() 
  print "Adding:", next_one 
  stuff.append(next_one) 
  print "Thing's %d items now." % len(stuff) 
 
 
print "There we go:", stuff 
 
 
print "Let's do some things with stuff." 
 
 
print stuff[1] 
print stuff[-1] # 
print stuff.pop() 
print ' '.join(stuff) 
print '#'.join(stuff[3:5]) 

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运行结果

root@he-desktop:~/mystuff# python ex38.py 
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Wait there's not 10 things in that list, let's fix that.
Adding: Boy
Thing's 7 items now.
Adding: Girl
Thing's 8 items now.
Adding: Banana
Thing's 9 items now.
Adding: Corn
Thing's 10 items now.
There we go: ['Apples', 'Oranges', 'Crows', 'Telephone', 'Light', 'Sugar', 'Boy', 'Girl', 'Banana', 'Corn']
Let's do some things with stuff.
Oranges
Corn
Corn
Apples Oranges Crows Telephone Light Sugar Boy Girl Banana
Telephone#Light
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