以一个投票程序的实例来讲解Python的Django框架使用
（一）关于Django
Django是一个基于MVC构造的框架。但是在Django中，控制器接受用户输入的部分由框架自行处理，所以 Django 里更关注的是模型（Model）、模板(Template)和视图（Views），称为 MTV模式。
Ubuntu下的安装：一般都自带Python的。网上教程比较多了....
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~$ python Python 2.7.3 (default, Apr 20 2012, 22:44:07) [GCC 4.6.3] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import django >>> help(django) VERSION = (1, 6, 4, 'final', 0) #可以查看django版本等信息。
（二）第一个Django的app
#环境：Python2.7，Django1.6，Ubuntu12.04
Python 及 Django 安装成功之后，就可以创建Django工程了
（1）教你开始写Django1.6的第1个app
#先创建一个文件夹 dizzy@dizzy-pc:~$ mkdir Python dizzy@dizzy-pc:~$ cd Python #然后创建工程 dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python$ django-admin.py startproject mysite dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python$ cd mysite #然后这个工程就可以启动服务了 dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ python manage.py runserver Validating models... 0 errors found July 23, 2014 - 14:17:29 Django version 1.6.4, using settings 'mysite.settings' Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Quit the server with CONTROL-C. #这样，打开浏览器访问： 便可看到： It Worked！ 关闭服务：ctrl+c #新创建的项目里面会有：manage.py文件，mysite文件夹 #在mysite文件夹里面会有：__init__.py,settings.py,urls.py,wsgi.py四个文件 #__init__.py是一个空文件， #setting.py 是项目的配置文件。需要修改两个地方，这里使用默认的SQLite3数据库 LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-cn' #原：en-us TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' #原：UTC #配置完之后，便可以创建数据表了 dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ python manage.py syncdb #创建是还要设置一个超级管理员，用于后台登录。 #设置完之后，开启服务，便可进入后台管理界面了：http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/
（2）教你开始写Django1.6的第1个app
#创建一个用于投票的app。 #进入mysite工程根目录，创建app dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ python manage.py startapp polls dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ ls polls admin.py __init__.py models.py urls.py views.py #这样。Django已经生成了，app通常所需的模板文件。
下面创建两个models。Poll 和 Choice
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim polls/models.py
修改文件如下：
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
from django.db import models
class Poll(models.Model):
question = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
class Choice(models.Model):
poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
#基本创建model过程就是这样，细节还要深入研究！
然后修改工程的配置文件setting.py,在INSTALLED_APP元组下面添加刚才创建的app：polls
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim mysite/settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = (
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'polls',
)
#可以使用 python manage.py sql polls 查看app的建表SQL
#使用 python manage.py syncdb 进行创建数据库表
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ ./manage.py sql polls
BEGIN;
CREATE TABLE "polls_poll" (
"id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"question" varchar(200) NOT NULL,
"pub_date" datetime NOT NULL
)
;
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" (
"id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"poll_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_poll" ("id"),
"choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL,
"votes" integer NOT NULL
)
;
COMMIT;
#这样就可以通过设置model让Django自动创建数据库表了
要想在后台admin中管理polls。还需要修改app下面的admin.py 文件。
from django.contrib import admin
# Register your models here.
from django.contrib import admin
from polls.models import Choice,Poll
class ChoiceInLine(admin.StackedInline):
model = Choice
extra = 3
class PollAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
fieldsets = [
(None, {'fields':['question']}),
('Date information', {'fields':['pub_date'],'classes':['collapse']}),
]
inlines = [ChoiceInLine]
admin.site.register(Poll,PollAdmin)
#这部分代码，大体能看懂，具体的规则还要稍后的仔细研究。
##这部分代码，由于拼写失误，导致多处出错。细节决定成败！！
这样再重启服务，就能在后台管理polls应用了。
（3）视图和控制器部分
前面已经完成了model（M）的设置。剩下的只有view（V）和urls（C）了。Django的视图部分，由views.py 和 templates完成。
在polls中，我们将创建4个视图：
- “index” 列表页 – 显示最新投票。
- “detail” 投票页 – 显示一个投票的问题, 以及用户可用于投票的表单。
- “results” 结果页 – 显示一个投票的结果。
- 投票处理 – 对用户提交一个投票表单后的处理。
现在修改 views.py 创建用于视图的函数。
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim polls/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,get_object_or_404
# Create your views here.
from django.http import HttpResponse
from polls.models import Poll
def index(request):
latest_poll_list = Poll.objects.all().order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
context = {'latest_poll_list':latest_poll_list}
return render(request,'polls/index.html',context)
def detail(request,poll_id):
poll = get_object_or_404(Poll,pk=poll_id)
return render(request,'polls/detail.html',{'poll':poll})
def results(request,poll_id):
return HttpResponse("you're looking at the results of poll %s." % poll_id)
def vote(request,poll_id):
return HttpResponse("you're voting on poll %s." % poll_id)
#涉及Django的自带函数，不做深究。后面再做研究！
要想使试图能被访问，还要配置 urls.py 。mysite是整个网站的URLConf，但每个app可以有自己的URLConf，通过include的方式导入到根配置中即可。现在在polls下面新建 urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns,url
from polls import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
#ex:/polls/
url(r'^$',views.index,name='index'),
#ex:/polls/5/
url(r'^(?P<poll_id>\d+)/$',views.detail,name='detail'),
#ex:/polls/5/results/
url(r'^(?P<poll_id>\d+)/results/$',views.results,name='results'),
#ex:/polls/5/vote/
url(r'^(?P<poll_id>\d+)/vote/$',views.vote,name='vote'),
)
#url中，三个参数。正则的url，处理的函数，以及名称
#正则表达式！！！！！
然后在根 urls.py 文件中，include这个文件即可。
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim mysite/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
from django.contrib import admin
admin.autodiscover()
urlpatterns = patterns('',
# Examples:
# url(r'^$', 'mysite.views.home', name='home'),
# url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls')),
url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls',namespace="polls")),
url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
)
#有Example：两种形式。因为是元组，所以开始有“ ‘'， ”。
然后开始创建模板文件。在polls下，创建templates文件夹。下面有index.html, detail.html 两个文件。
<!-- index.html -->
{% if latest_poll_list %}
<ul>
{% for poll in latest_poll_list %}
<li><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' poll_id=poll.id %}">{{ poll.question }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% else %}
<p>No polls are available.</p>
{% endif %}
<!--detail.html-->
<h1 id="poll-question">{{ poll.question }}</h1>
<ul>
{% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %}
<li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
<!-- 视图设置完毕，具体语法还要深入研究！ -->
<!-- 现在重启服务， 便可看到相应视图 -->
（4）投票功能完善
上面只是简单的实现了视图功能，并没有真正的实现投票功能。接下来就是完善功能。
#修改模板文件
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim polls/templates/polls/detail.html
#需要加入form表单
<h1 id="poll-question">{{ poll.question }}</h1>
{% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' poll.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %}
<input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" />
<label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br />
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Vote" />
</form>
然后需要修改 views.py 中的 vote 处理函数。进行post数据的接收与处理。
# 文件 polls/views.py
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponse
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from polls.models import Choice, Poll
# ...
def vote(request, poll_id):
p = get_object_or_404(Poll, pk=poll_id)
try:
selected_choice = p.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
# Redisplay the poll voting form.
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
'poll': p,
'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.",
})
else:
selected_choice.votes += 1
selected_choice.save()
# Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
# with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
# user hits the Back button.
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(p.id,)))
在投票成功之后，让用户浏览器重定向到结果 results.html 页。
def results(request, poll_id):
poll = get_object_or_404(Poll, pk=poll_id)
return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'poll': poll})
然后就需要创建模板 results.html 。
<!-- polls/templates/polls/results.html -->
<h1 id="poll-question">{{ poll.question }}</h1>
<ul>
{% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %}
<li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' poll.id %}">Vote again?</a>
至此，重启服务就能看到单选按钮，以及submit了。
Hot AI Tools
Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos
AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.
Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free
Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover
AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.
Hot Article
Hot Tools
Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor
SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use
Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment
Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools
SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)
Hot Topics
Is the conversion speed fast when converting XML to PDF on mobile phone?
Apr 02, 2025 pm 10:09 PM
The speed of mobile XML to PDF depends on the following factors: the complexity of XML structure. Mobile hardware configuration conversion method (library, algorithm) code quality optimization methods (select efficient libraries, optimize algorithms, cache data, and utilize multi-threading). Overall, there is no absolute answer and it needs to be optimized according to the specific situation.
How to convert XML files to PDF on your phone?
Apr 02, 2025 pm 10:12 PM
It is impossible to complete XML to PDF conversion directly on your phone with a single application. It is necessary to use cloud services, which can be achieved through two steps: 1. Convert XML to PDF in the cloud, 2. Access or download the converted PDF file on the mobile phone.
Is there any mobile app that can convert XML into PDF?
Apr 02, 2025 pm 08:54 PM
An application that converts XML directly to PDF cannot be found because they are two fundamentally different formats. XML is used to store data, while PDF is used to display documents. To complete the transformation, you can use programming languages and libraries such as Python and ReportLab to parse XML data and generate PDF documents.
What is the function of C language sum?
Apr 03, 2025 pm 02:21 PM
There is no built-in sum function in C language, so it needs to be written by yourself. Sum can be achieved by traversing the array and accumulating elements: Loop version: Sum is calculated using for loop and array length. Pointer version: Use pointers to point to array elements, and efficient summing is achieved through self-increment pointers. Dynamically allocate array version: Dynamically allocate arrays and manage memory yourself, ensuring that allocated memory is freed to prevent memory leaks.
How to convert xml into pictures
Apr 03, 2025 am 07:39 AM
XML can be converted to images by using an XSLT converter or image library. XSLT Converter: Use an XSLT processor and stylesheet to convert XML to images. Image Library: Use libraries such as PIL or ImageMagick to create images from XML data, such as drawing shapes and text.
How to control the size of XML converted to images?
Apr 02, 2025 pm 07:24 PM
To generate images through XML, you need to use graph libraries (such as Pillow and JFreeChart) as bridges to generate images based on metadata (size, color) in XML. The key to controlling the size of the image is to adjust the values of the <width> and <height> tags in XML. However, in practical applications, the complexity of XML structure, the fineness of graph drawing, the speed of image generation and memory consumption, and the selection of image formats all have an impact on the generated image size. Therefore, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of XML structure, proficient in the graphics library, and consider factors such as optimization algorithms and image format selection.
How to open xml format
Apr 02, 2025 pm 09:00 PM
Use most text editors to open XML files; if you need a more intuitive tree display, you can use an XML editor, such as Oxygen XML Editor or XMLSpy; if you process XML data in a program, you need to use a programming language (such as Python) and XML libraries (such as xml.etree.ElementTree) to parse.
Recommended XML formatting tool
Apr 02, 2025 pm 09:03 PM
XML formatting tools can type code according to rules to improve readability and understanding. When selecting a tool, pay attention to customization capabilities, handling of special circumstances, performance and ease of use. Commonly used tool types include online tools, IDE plug-ins, and command-line tools.
