初步剖析C语言编程中的结构体
C语言结构体，可谓是C强大功能之一，也是C++语言之所以能衍生的有利条件，事实上，当结构体中成员中有函数指针了后，那么，结构体也即C++中的类了。
C语言中，结构体的声明、定义是用到关键字struct，就像联合体用到关键字union、枚举类型用到enum关键字一样，事实上，联合体、枚举类型的用法几乎是参照结构体来的。结构体的声明格式如下：
struct tag-name{
{
member 1;
…
member N;
};
因此，定义结构体变量的语句为：struct tag-name varible-name,如struct point pt;其中,point 为tag-name,pt是结构体struct point变量。当然，也可以一次性声明结构体类型和变量，即如下：struct tag-name {…} x,y,z;就类似于int x,y,z;语句一样。也可以在定义结构体变量时即赋初值，即变量初始化,struct point pt={320,200};
当然，也就可以有结构体指针、结构体数组了。访问结构体变量中的member的方法有：如果是由结构体变量名来访问，则是structure-variable-name.member;如果是由结构体变量指针来访问，则是structure-variable-pointer->member;
好了，上面的不是重点，也不难掌握，只是细节问题。结构体具有重要的应用，如下的：
如自引用的结构体，常用来作为二叉树等重要数据结构的实现：假设我们要实现一个普遍的问题的解决算法——统计某些输入的各单词出现的频数。由于输入的单词数是未知，内容未知，长度未知，我们不能对输入进行排序并采用二分查找。……那么，一种解决办法是：将已知的单词排序——通过将每个到达的单词排序到适当位置。当然，实现此功能不能通过线性排序，因为那样有可能很长，相应地，我们将使用二叉树来实现。该二叉树每一个单词为一个二叉树结点，每个结点包括：
- a pointer to the text of the word
- a count of the number of occurences
- a pointer to the left child node
- a pointer to the right child node
其写在程序中，即：
struct tnode{/*the tree node:*/
char *word;/*points to the next*/
int count;/*number of occurences*/
struct tnode *left;/*left child*/
struct tnode *right;/*right child*/
}
完成上述功能的完整程序如下：
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
#include"tNode.h"
#define MAXWORD 100
struct tnode *addtree(struct tnode *,char *);
void treeprint(struct tnode *);
int getword(char *,int);
struct tnode *talloc(void);
char *strdup2(char *);
/*word frequency count*/
main()
{
struct tnode *root;
char word[MAXWORD];
root=NULL;
while(getword(word,MAXWORD)!=EOF)
if(isalpha(word[0]))
root=addtree(root,word);
treeprint(root);
return 0;
}
#define BUFSIZE 100
char buf[BUFSIZE];/*buffer for ungetch*/
int bufp=0;/*next free position in buf*/
int getch(void)/*get a (possibly pushed back) character*/
{
return (bufp>0)? buf[--bufp]:getchar();
}
void ungetch(int c)/*push back character on input*/
{
if(bufp>=BUFSIZE)
printf("ungetch:too many characters\n");
else
buf[bufp++]=c;
}
/*getword:get next word or character from input*/
int getword(char *word,int lim)
{
int c,getch(void);
void ungetch(int);
char *w=word;
while(isspace(c=getch() ));
if(c!=EOF)
*w++=c;
if(!isalpha(c)){
*w='\0';
return c;
}
for(;--lim>0;w++)
if(!isalnum(*w=getch())){
ungetch(*w);
break;
}
*w='\0';
return word[0];
}
/*addtree:add a node with w,at or below p*/
struct tnode *addtree(struct tnode *p,char *w)
{
int cond;
if(p==NULL){/*a new word has arrived*/
p=talloc();/*make a new node*/
p->word=strdup(w);
p->count=1;
p->left=p->right=NULL;
}else if((cond=strcmp(w,p->word))==0)
p->count++;/*repeated word*/
else if(cond<0)/*less than into left subtree*/
p->left=addtree(p->left,w);
else /*greater than into right subtree*/
p->right=addtree(p->right,w);
return p;
}
/*treeprint:in-order print of tree p*/
void treeprint(struct tnode *p)
{
if(p!=NULL){
treeprint(p->left);
printf("%4d %s\n",p->count,p->word);
treeprint(p->right);
}
}
#include<stdlib.h>
/*talloc:make a tnode*/
struct tnode *talloc(void)
{
return (struct tnode *)malloc(sizeof(struct tnode));
}
char *strdup2(char *s)/*make a duplicate of s*/
{
char *p;
p=(char *)malloc(strlen(s)+1);/*+1 for '\0'*/
if(p!=NULL)
strcpy(p,s);
return p;
}
其中，其它的关于union、enum这里就不多说了，再说一个关于结构体的非常重要的应用——位操作:
当然，我们知道，对于位操作，我们可通过#define tables（即用宏和C中的位操作来实现）
如:
#define KEYWORD 01 /*0001*/ #define EXTERNAL 02 /*0010*/ #define STATIC 04 /*0100*/
或
enum{KEYWORD =01,EXTERNAL =02,STATIC =04};
那么，flags|=EXTERNAL|STATIC;将打开flags的EXTERNAL和STATIC位，而
flags&=~(EXTERNAL|STATIC);将关闭flags的EXTERNAL和STATIC位.
然而，上述定义的位模式可以用结构体如下写：
struct{
unsigned int is_keyword:1;
unsigned int is_extern:1;
unsigned int is_static:1;
}flags;/*This defines a variable called flags that contains three 1-bit fields*/
那么，上述打开相应位的操作为:
flags.is_extern=flags.is_static=1;
上述关闭相应位的操作为:
flags.is_extern=flags.is_static=0;
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