举例讲解如何在Python编程中进行迭代和遍历
迭代
首先理解下什么是迭代,python中所有从左往右扫面对象的方式都是可迭代的
有哪些方式是可迭代的:
1.文件操作
我们读取文件的时候,会用到一个readline()方法,其实它就是一个迭代器，它会返回当前的数据,然后自动的调用内置的next()方法来让文件的读取头自动的移动到当前的下面一行,准备下次的读取,到达文件末尾时,就会返回空字符串.
>>> f=open('hello.py')
>>> f.readline()
'#!/usr/bin/python2.5\n'
>>> f.readline()
'print "hello.word!"\n'
>>> f.readline()
'\n'
>>> f.readline()
''
>>> for i in open('hello.py'):
... print(i)
...
#!/usr/bin/python2.5
print "hello.word!"
用上面这样方式来读取文件内容的话,速度很快,内存占用也比较低,特别适合操作大文件.
下面这个方式适合操作一些小的文件,速度和效率没有上面的好,所以建议以后操作文件的话,尽量用上面的。
>>> for i in open('hello.py').readlines():
... print i
...
#!/usr/bin/python2.5
print "hello.word!"
read方法和readline方法，
read()方法把整个文件的内容放到字符串里
readline()方法则把文件的内容按照行为单位放到列表里。
一般要替换文件里的某个字符的话，最好有readline，然后用循环把一行一行内容循环出来，再查找替换，这样效率比整个读到一个字符串里来查找匹配效果更高。
2 for循环
例如:
>>> for i in range(5): ... print(i) ...
它中间处理的过程和下面的是一样的：
>>> L=[0,1,2,3,4] >>> I=iter(L) >>> I.next() 0 >>> I.next() 1 >>> I.next() 2 >>> I.next() 3 >>> I.next() 4 >>> I.next()
Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> StopIteration
每次调用迭代器调用next()方法返回结果，并让文件指针往下移动一行，最后已StopIteration异常结束迭代。
3.列表解析:
相比python for循环速度会快很多
例如:
>>> L=[x+10 for x in range(10)] >>> L
[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
python会在解释器里对range(10)进行迭代，依次把列表里的内容取出来，赋值给最左边的x,然后执行x+10的操作，
并且把执行好的结果保存在列表里。等range(10)迭代完以后就新生成了一个列表，结果就是[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]
从上面可以看出，这也是建立python 列表的一个方法。
上面例子也可以用for循环来实现.
>>> res=[] >>> for x in range(10): ... res.append(x+10) ... >>> res [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
从上面可以看出，python列表解析比手动的for 更加精简,而且运行的更快(往往速度回快一倍)，因为他们的迭代在解析器内部是以C语言的速度执行的,而不是以手动python代码执行的,特别对于较大的数据集合,这是使用列表解析的一个主要的性能优点.
遍历
1.通过序列取元素的方法进行遍历
root@10.1.6.200:python# vim 3.py
#!/usr/bin/python2.5 for i in 'hello': #序列里的字符串 print i, y = [1,2,3,4,5,6] #列表 for i in y: print i,
root@10.1.6.200:python# python 3.py
h e l l o 1 2 3 4 5 6
2.通过序列本身偏移指数(索引)的方法进行遍历
也就是迭代序列索引,注:迭代,重复执行一条指令.
root@10.1.6.200:python# vim 3.py
#!/usr/bin/python2.5 x='hello' for i in range(len(x)): print x[i] y = [1,2,3,4,5,6] for i in range(len(y)): print y[i],
root@10.1.6.200:python# python 3.py
h e l l o 1 2 3 4 5 6
字典有2种方式取到其值:
1.先取字典key,在取索引的值
root@10.1.6.200:python# vim 5.py
#!/usr/bin/python2.5
z = {1:'a',2:'b',3:'c'}
for i in z:
print z[i]
root@10.1.6.200:python# python 5.py
a b c
2.通过字典items方法,获取所有键值对,在利用元组拆分的方法获得对应值.
root@10.1.6.200:python# cat 5.py
#!/usr/bin/python2.5
z = {1:'a',2:'b',3:'c'}
print z.items()
for m,n in z.items():
print m,n
root@10.1.6.200:python# python 5.py
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')] 1 a 2 b 3 c
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