5种Python单例模式的实现方式
本文为大家分享了Python创建单例模式的5种常用方法，供大家参考，具体内容如下
所谓单例，是指一个类的实例从始至终只能被创建一次。
方法1：
如果想使得某个类从始至终最多只有一个实例，使用__new__方法会很简单。Python中类是通过__new__来创建实例的：
class Singleton(object):
def __new__(cls,*args,**kwargs):
if not hasattr(cls,'_inst'):
cls._inst=super(Singleton,cls).__new__(cls,*args,**kwargs)
return cls._inst
if __name__=='__main__':
class A(Singleton):
def __init__(self,s):
self.s=s
a=A('apple')
b=A('banana')
print id(a),a.s
print id(b),b.s
结果：
29922256 banana
29922256 banana
通过__new__方法，将类的实例在创建的时候绑定到类属性_inst上。如果cls._inst为None，说明类还未实例化，实例化并将实例绑定到cls._inst，以后每次实例化的时候都返回第一次实例化创建的实例。注意从Singleton派生子类的时候，不要重载__new__。
方法2：
有时候我们并不关心生成的实例是否具有同一id，而只关心其状态和行为方式。我们可以允许许多个实例被创建，但所有的实例都共享状态和行为方式：
class Borg(object):
_shared_state={}
def __new__(cls,*args,**kwargs):
obj=super(Borg,cls).__new__(cls,*args,**kwargs)
obj.__dict__=cls._shared_state
return obj
将所有实例的__dict__指向同一个字典，这样实例就共享相同的方法和属性。对任何实例的名字属性的设置，无论是在__init__中修改还是直接修改，所有的实例都会受到影响。不过实例的id是不同的。要保证类实例能共享属性，但不和子类共享，注意使用cls._shared_state,而不是Borg._shared_state。
因为实例是不同的id，所以每个实例都可以做字典的key：
if __name__=='__main__':
class Example(Borg):
pass
a=Example()
b=Example()
c=Example()
adict={}
j=0
for i in a,b,c:
adict[i]=j
j+=1
for i in a,b,c:
print adict[i]
结果：
0
1
2
如果这种行为不是你想要的，可以为Borg类添加__eq__和__hash__方法，使其更接近于单例模式的行为：
class Borg(object):
_shared_state={}
def __new__(cls,*args,**kwargs):
obj=super(Borg,cls).__new__(cls,*args,**kwargs)
obj.__dict__=cls._shared_state
return obj
def __hash__(self):
return 1
def __eq__(self,other):
try:
return self.__dict__ is other.__dict__
except:
return False
if __name__=='__main__':
class Example(Borg):
pass
a=Example()
b=Example()
c=Example()
adict={}
j=0
for i in a,b,c:
adict[i]=j
j+=1
for i in a,b,c:
print adict[i]
结果：
2
2
2
所有的实例都能当一个key使用了。
方法3
当你编写一个类的时候，某种机制会使用类名字，基类元组，类字典来创建一个类对象。新型类中这种机制默认为type，而且这种机制是可编程的，称为元类__metaclass__ 。
class Singleton(type):
def __init__(self,name,bases,class_dict):
super(Singleton,self).__init__(name,bases,class_dict)
self._instance=None
def __call__(self,*args,**kwargs):
if self._instance is None:
self._instance=super(Singleton,self).__call__(*args,**kwargs)
return self._instance
if __name__=='__main__':
class A(object):
__metaclass__=Singleton
a=A()
b=A()
print id(a),id(b)
结果：
34248016 34248016
id是相同的。
例子中我们构造了一个Singleton元类，并使用__call__方法使其能够模拟函数的行为。构造类A时，将其元类设为Singleton，那么创建类对象A时，行为发生如下：
A=Singleton(name,bases,class_dict),A其实为Singleton类的一个实例。
创建A的实例时，A()=Singleton(name,bases,class_dict)()=Singleton(name,bases,class_dict).__call__()，这样就将A的所有实例都指向了A的属性_instance上，这种方法与方法1其实是相同的。
方法4
python中的模块module在程序中只被加载一次，本身就是单例的。可以直接写一个模块，将你需要的方法和属性，写在模块中当做函数和模块作用域的全局变量即可，根本不需要写类。
而且还有一些综合模块和类的优点的方法：
class _singleton(object):
class ConstError(TypeError):
pass
def __setattr__(self,name,value):
if name in self.__dict__:
raise self.ConstError
self.__dict__[name]=value
def __delattr__(self,name):
if name in self.__dict__:
raise self.ConstError
raise NameError
import sys
sys.modules[__name__]=_singleton()
python并不会对sys.modules进行检查以确保他们是模块对象，我们利用这一点将模块绑定向一个类对象，而且以后都会绑定向同一个对象了。
将代码存放在single.py中：
>>> import single >>> single.a=1 >>> single.a=2
ConstError
>>> del single.a
ConstError
方法5：
最简单的方法：
class singleton(object): pass singleton=singleton()
将名字singleton绑定到实例上，singleton就是它自己类的唯一对象了。
以上就是Python单例模式的实现方式详细介绍，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
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