简单解决Python文件中文编码问题
读写中文
需要读取utf-8编码的中文文件，先利用sublime text软件将它改成无DOM的编码，然后用以下代码：
with codecs.open(note_path, 'r+','utf-8') as f: line=f.readline() print line
这样就可以正确地读出文件里面的中文字符了。
同样的，如果要在创建的文件中写入中文，最好也和上面差不多：
with codecs.open(st,'a+','utf-8') as book_note: book_note.write(st)
创建中文文件
然后以读出的字符为文件名，创建文件。
如果直接用上面读出来的字符串创建文件，则会出现：
st=digest_path+"\\"+onenote[0]+".txt" print st with open(st,'a+') as book_note:
经过调试，应该是最后一个换行符的问题，在生成名字的时候，将字符trip一下，就能够得到文件：
st=digest_path+"\\"+onenote[0].strip()+".txt"
中文编码问题是用中文的程序员经常头大的问题，在python下也是如此，那么应该怎么理解和解决python的编码问题呢？
我们要知道python内部使用的是unicode编码，而外部却要面对千奇百怪的各种编码，比如作为中国程序经常要面对的gbk，gb2312，utf8等，那这些编码是怎么转换成内部的unicode呢？
首先我们先看一下源代码文件中使用字符串的情况。源代码文件作为文本文件就必然是以某种编码形式存储代码的，python默认会认为源代码文件是asci编码，比如说代码中有一个变量赋值：
s1='a' print s1
python认为这个'a'就是一个asci编码的字符。在仅仅使用英文字符的情况下一切正常，但是如果用了中文，比如：
s1='哈' print s1
这个代码文件被执行时就会出错，就是编码出了问题。python默认将代码文件内容当作asci编码处理，但asci编码中不存在中文，因此抛出异常。
解决问题之道就是要让python知道文件中使用的是什么编码形式，对于中文，可以用的常见编码有utf-8，gbk和gb2312等。只需在代码文件的最前端添加如下：
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
这就是告知python我这个文件里的文本是用utf-8编码的，这样，python就会依照utf-8的编码形式解读其中的字符，然后转换成unicode编码内部处理使用。
不过，如果你在Windows控制台下运行此代码的话，虽然程序是执行了，但屏幕上打印出的却不是哈字。这是由于python编码与控制台编码的不一致造成的。Windows下控制台中的编码使用的
是gbk，而在代码中使用的utf-8，python按照utf-8编码打印到gbk编码的控制台下自然就会不一致而不能打印出正确的汉字。
解决办法一个是将源代码的编码也改成gbk，也就是代码第一行改成：
# -*- coding: gbk -*-
另一种方法是保持源码文件的utf-8不变，而是在'哈'前面加个u字，也就是:
s1=u'哈' print s1
这样就可以正确打印出'哈'字了。
这里的这个u表示将后面跟的字符串以unicode格式存储。python会根据代码第一行标称的utf-8编码识别代码中的汉字'哈'，然后转换成unicode对象。如果我们用type查看一下'哈'的数据类型type(‘哈')，会得到
Python在向控制台输出unicode对象的时候会自动根据输出环境的编码进行转换，但如果输出的不是unicode对象而是普通字符串，则会直接按照字符串的编码输出字符串，从而出现上面的现象。
使用unicode对象的话，除了这样使用u标记，还可以使用unicode类以及字符串的encode和decode方法。
unicode类的构造函数接受一个字符串参数和一个编码参数，将字符串封装为一个unicode，比如在这里，由于我们用的是utf-8编码，所以unicode中的编码参数使用'utf-8′将字符封装为
unicode对象，然后正确输出到控制台：
s1=unicode(‘哈', ‘utf-8′) print s1
另外，用decode函数也可以将一个普通字符串转换为unicode对象。很多人都搞不明白python字符串的decode和encode函数都是什么意思。这里简要说明一下。
decode是将普通字符串按照参数中的编码格式进行解析，然后生成对应的unicode对象，比如在这里我们代码用的是utf-8，那么把一个字符串转换为unicode就是如下形式：
s2='哈'.decode(‘utf-8′)
这时，s2就是一个存储了'哈'字的unicode对象，其实就和unicode(‘哈', ‘utf-8′)以及u'哈'是相同的。
那么encode正好就是相反的功能，是将一个unicode对象转换为参数中编码格式的普通字符，比如下面代码：
s3=unicode(‘哈', ‘utf-8′).encode(‘utf-8′)
s3现在又变回了utf-8的'哈'。
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