Home Backend Development Python Tutorial Python下rrdtool模块的基本使用方法

Python下rrdtool模块的基本使用方法

Jun 10, 2016 pm 03:07 PM
python

最近需要用python根据收集到的数据进行绘图,决定使用rrd数据库,然后配合rrdtool来绘图,故学习一下rrdtool的用法。

用法如下:

创建:
create(...)
create(args..): Set up a new Round Robin Database
    create filename [--start|-b start time] [--step|-s step] [DS:ds-name:DST:heartbeat:min:max] [RRA:CF:xff:steps:rows]
    filename:是rrd的文件名,可以以rrd结尾。
    --step:rrdtool期望每隔多长事件收到一个值,默认是5分钟。
    --start:rrdtool第一个记录的起始时间,rrdtool不会接收任何数据的时间小于起始时间。例如你在update时给出的时间小于起始时间,则rrdtool会拒绝该值
    DS:DS用于定义数据源,是用来存放结果的变量名。该变量名在画图时会用到。
    DST:用来设置数据源的类型,有COUNTER、GUAGE、DERIVE、ABSOLUTE、COMPUTE等5种类型。
        COUNTER:数值必须是递增的
        DERIVE:和COUNTER类似,不过数据可递增可递减
        ABSOLUTE:他每次假定前一个时间间隔的值是0,然后计算平均值
        GAUGE:不做任何变化,直接存入rra中
        COMPUTE:他不接收具体值,而是定义一个表达式,然后算出某个值
    heartbeat:
    min:
    max:
    RRA:rra指定数据如何存放,他可以保存不同时间间隔的数据。力图每5分钟产生一条数据,这样一小时就是12条,如果每30分钟一条数据,这样一小时就是两条数据,这样一天,一年下来会有很多条数据,但是rrd数据库的大小是固定的,所以就有一个合并数据的方式了。这就是rra的功能。合并方式由CF指定。
    CF:CF就是用来设置数据合并的功能,有AVERAGE、MAX、MIN、LAST等4种类型,分别表示对PDP取平均、最大、最小、当前值。
    xff:xff字段设置一个比例值,rrdtool会把多个PDP合并为一个CDP,如果这写PDP中有值为UNKNOW的PDP,那么CDP的值该怎么计算,xff就是设置一个比例,当PDP中UNKNOW的比例超过多少是,就无法合成正常的CPD,合成的CPD值也为UNKNOW。
    steps:表示多少个PDP合成一个CDP
    rows:表示总共存多少个CDP?也就是可以保存多少数据?

    PDP:在每个规定的时间间隔内rrdtool都会收到一个值,rrdtool在收到该值后,根据DST的设置,会计算出另一个值,这个值就是PDP。
    CDP:rrdtool使用多个PDP合并出一个CDP,也就是执行CF的后果,然后把这个CDP的值存入rra中。


查看第一次/最后一次数据更新时间:
first(...)
first(filename): Return the timestamp of the first data sample in an RRD

last(...)
last(filename): Return the timestamp of the last data sample in an RRD


查看rrd结构信息:
info(...)
info(filename): extract header information from an rrd

取出rrd的值:
fetch(...)
fetch(args..): fetch data from an rrd.
    fetch filename CF [--resolution|-r resolution] [--start|-s start] [--end|-e end]
    filename:要取出数据的rrd文件
    --start:可选,默认是end-1day
    --end:可选,默认是now
    CF:AVERAGE、MAX、MIN、LAST。前提是你的rrd中有该类型的rra才可以。


更新rrd数据:
update(...)
update(args..): Store a new set of values into the rrd
    update filename [--template|-t ds-name[:ds-name]...] N|timestamp:value[:value...] [timestamp:value[:value...] ...]
    filename:要更新的rrd文件
    --template:
    -t ds-name[:ds-name]:设置更新那个DS的数据
    N|timestamp:时间戳,表示数据在哪个时间点采集的,N表示now。
    value[:value...]:一个rrd文件可以有多个DS,所以一次update可以更新多个value。

update插入值后,并不会有返回,无法知道插入是否正常,可以用updatev

带返回值的插入:
updatev(...)
updatev is called in the same manner as update
    和update类似,不过每次插入后会返回一个状态码。


画图:
graph(...)
graph(args..): Create a graph based on data from one or several RRD
    graph filename [-s|--start seconds] [-e|--end seconds] [-x|--x-grid x-axis grid and label] [-y|--y-grid y-axis grid and label] [--alt-y-grid] [--alt-y-mrtg] [--alt-autoscale] [--alt-autoscale-max] [--units-exponent] value [-v|--vertical-label text] [-w|--width pixels] [-h|--height pixels] [-i|--interlaced] [-f|--imginfo formatstring] [-a|--imgformat GIF|PNG|GD] [-B|--background value] [-O|--overlay value] [-U|--unit value] [-z|--lazy] [-o|--logarithmic] [-u|--upper-limit value] [-l|--lower-limit value] [-g|--no-legend] [-r|--rigid] [--step value] [-b|--base value] [-c|--color COLORTAG#rrggbb] [-t|--title title] [DEF:vname=rrd:ds-name:CF] [CDEF:vname=rpn-expression] [PRINT:vname:CF:format] [GPRINT:vname:CF:format] [COMMENT:text] [HRULE:value#rrggbb[:legend]] [VRULE:time#rrggbb[:legend]] [LINE{1|2|3}:vname[#rrggbb[:legend]]] [AREA:vname[#rrggbb[:legend]]] [STACK:vname[#rrggbb[:legend]]]

    filename:图片的名称,默认是PNG格式
    --start:图片X轴数据的起始时间
    --end:图片X轴数据的结束时间
    --x-grid x-axis grid and label:
    --y-grid y-axis grid and label:
    --alt-y-grid
    --alt-y-mrtg
    --alt-autoscale
    --alt-autoscale-max
    --units-exponent
    --vertical-label text  Y轴的文字说明
    --width pixels  X轴的大小
    --height pixels  Y轴的大小
    --interlaced
    --imginfo formatstring 
    --imgformat GIF|PNG|GD  图片格式
    --background value
    --overlay value
    --unit value
    --lazy
    --logarithmic
    --upper-limit value  Y轴数据值的上限,默认会自动调整Y轴的数字
    --lower-limit value  Y轴数据值的下限
    --no-legend  取消图表下方的图例
    --rigid  严格按照upper-limit/lower-limit来绘制
    --step value
    --base value  默认1K=1000 可以调整1K=1024
    --color COLORTAG#rrggbb
    --title title  图表上方的标题
    DEF:vname=rrd:ds-name:CF 定义绘图用的数据源,也就是从那个RRD中取数据,因为RRA有多种类型,所以需要指定CF
    CDEF:vname=rpn-expression  定义合并值,
    PRINT:vname:CF:format
    GPRINT:vname:CF:format  在图表的下方输出最大值、最小值之类
    COMMENT:text  用来输出一些字符串
    HRULE:value#rrggbb  在图表上绘制水平线
    VRULE:time#rrggbb  在图表上绘制垂直线
    LINE{1|2|3}:vname  使用线条来绘制vname的数据图
    AREA:vname  使用方块来绘制vname的数据图
    STACK:vname 


下面附上一个例子:

###创建rrd
#!/usr/bin/python
import rrdtool
 
rrdb=rrdtool.create('rest.rrd','--step','60','--start','1369982786',
    'DS:input:GAUGE:120:U:U',
    'DS:output:GAUGE:120:U:U',
    'RRA:LAST:0.5:1:600',
    'RRA:AVERAGE:0.5:5:600',
    'RRA:MAX:0.5:5:600',
    'RRA:MIN:0.5:5:600')
if rrdb:
  print rrdtool.error()
 
###rrd插入数据
#!/usr/bin/python
import time
import psutil
import rrdtool
 
for keys in psutil.network_io_counters(pernic=True):
  if keys == 'em1':
    sent=psutil.network_io_counters(pernic=True)[keys][0]
    recv=psutil.network_io_counters(pernic=True)[keys][1]
    up=rrdtool.updatev('rest.rrd','N:%d:%d' % (sent,recv))
    print up
 
###根据rrd绘图
#!/usr/bin/python
import rrdtool
 
rrdtool.graph('rest.png','--start','1369983960',
    '--title','my rrd graph test',
    '--vertical-label','bits',
    'DEF:input=rest.rrd:input:LAST',
    'DEF:output=rest.rrd:output:LAST',
    'LINE1:input#0000FF:In traffic',
    'LINE1:output#00FF00:Out traffic\\r',
    'CDEF:bytes_in=input,8,*',
    'CDEF:bytes_out=output,8,*',
    'COMMENT:\\n',
    'GPRINT:bytes_in:LAST:LAST in traffic\: %6.2lf %Sbps',
    'COMMENT: ',
    'GPRINT:bytes_out:LAST:LAST out traffic\: %6.2lf %Sbps')
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