简单介绍Python中利用生成器实现的并发编程
我们都知道并发(不是并行)编程目前有四种方式,多进程,多线程,异步,和协程。
多进程编程在python中有类似C的os.fork,当然还有更高层封装的multiprocessing标准库,在之前写过的python高可用程序设计方法中提供了类似nginx中master process和worker process间信号处理的方式,保证了业务进程的退出可以被主进程感知。
多线程编程python中有Thread和threading,在linux下所谓的线程,实际上是LWP轻量级进程,其在内核中具有和进程相同的调度方式,有关LWP,COW(写时拷贝),fork,vfork,clone等的资料较多,这里不再赘述。
异步在linux下主要有三种实现select,poll,epoll,关于异步不是本文的重点。
说协程肯定要说yield,我们先来看一个例子:
#coding=utf-8 import time import sys # 生产者 def produce(l): i=0 while 1: if i < 5: l.append(i) yield i i=i+1 time.sleep(1) else: return # 消费者 def consume(l): p = produce(l) while 1: try: p.next() while len(l) > 0: print l.pop() except StopIteration: sys.exit(0) l = [] consume(l)
在上面的例子中,当程序执行到produce的yield i时,返回了一个generator,当我们在custom中调用p.next(),程序又返回到produce的yield i继续执行,这样l中又append了元素,然后我们print l.pop(),直到p.next()引发了StopIteration异常。
通过上面的例子我们看到协程的调度对于内核来说是不可见的,协程间是协同调度的,这使得并发量在上万的时候,协程的性能是远高于线程的。
import stackless import urllib2 def output(): while 1: url=chan.receive() print url f=urllib2.urlopen(url) #print f.read() print stackless.getcurrent() def input(): f=open('url.txt') l=f.readlines() for i in l: chan.send(i) chan=stackless.channel() [stackless.tasklet(output)() for i in xrange(10)] stackless.tasklet(input)() stackless.run()
关于协程,可以参考greenlet,stackless,gevent,eventlet等的实现。

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