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Python中类的定义、继承及使用对象实例详解

Jun 10, 2016 pm 03:13 PM
python object inherit

本文实例讲述了Python中类的定义、继承及使用对象的方法。分享给大家供大家参考。具体分析如下:

Python编程中类的概念可以比作是某种类型集合的描述,如“人类”可以被看作一个类,然后用人类这个类定义出每个具体的人——你、我、他等作为其对象。类还拥有属性和功能,属性即类本身的一些特性,如人类有名字、身高和体重等属性,而具体值则会根据每个人的不同;功能则是类所能实现的行为,如人类拥有吃饭、走路和睡觉等功能。具体的形式如下:

例:类的概念:

class 人类:
             名字 = '未命名' # 成员变量
 def 说话(内容): # 成员函数
                print 内容 # 成员变量赋初始值
某人 = 人类() # 定义一个人类对象某人
某人.名字 = "路人甲"
某人.说话 ('大家好') # 路人甲说话
>>> 大家好! # 输出

示例程序一(类的定义):

>>> class pp:
...   pass
...
>>> p = pp()
>>> print p
<__main__.pp instance at 0x00CA77B0>
>>>
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打印了这个变量的类型。它告诉我们我们已经在__main__模块中有了一个Person类的实例。

示例程序二(__init__用法):

说明:__init__方法在类的对象被建立时,马上运行。该方法用来对对象进行初始化。

>>> class Person:
...   def __init__(self, name):
...       self.name = name
...   def sayHi(self):
...       print 'Hello, my name is', self.name
...
>>> p = Person('Swaroop')
>>> p.sayHi()
Hello, my name is Swaroop
>>>
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示例程序三(__del__方法):

说明:__del__方法是在程序退出时调用的。

>>> class Person:
...   population = 0
...   def __init__(self, name):
...       self.name = name
...       print '(Initializing %s)' % self.name
...   def __del__(self):
...       print '%s says bye.' % self.name
...       Person.population -= 1
...
...   def howMany(self):
...       if Person.population == 1:
...           print 'I am the only person here.'
...       else:
...           print 'We have %d persons here.' % Person.population
...
>>> A = Person('aa')
(Initializing aa)
>>> A.howMany()
We have 0 persons here.
>>> B = Person('bb')
(Initializing bb)
>>> B.howMany()
We have 0 persons here.
>>> ^Z
aa says bye.
bb says bye.
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Python中定义和使用类的形式为:class 类名[(父类名)]:[成员函数及成员变量],类名为这个类的名称,而父类名为可选,但定义父类名后,子类则拥有父类的相应属性和方法。在用类定义成对象时,会先调用__init__构造函数,以初始化对象的各属性,类的各属性(成员变量)均可以在构造函数中定义,定义时只要加上对象指针就好了。而在对象销毁时,则会调用__del__析构函数,定义类的成员函数时,必须默认一个变量(类似于C++中的this指针)代表类定义的对象本身,这个变量的名称可自行定义,下面例子将使用self变量表示类对象变量。

例:类定义及使用:

class CAnimal: 
       name = 'unname'
       # 成员变量 
  def __init__(self,voice='hello'):
  # 重载构造函数 
     self.voice = voice
     # 创建成员变量并赋初始值 
  def __del__(self):
  # 重载析构函数 
     pass # 空操作 
  def Say(self): 
      print self.voice 
t = CAnimal() # 定义动物对象t 
t.Say() # t说话 
>> hello # 输出 
dog = CAnimal('wow') # 定义动物对象dog 
dog.Say() # dog说话 
>> wow # 输出
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Python编程中类可以承继父类属性,形式为class 类名(父类),子类可以继承父类的所有方法和属性,也可以重载父类的成员函数及属性,须注意的是子类成员函数若重载父类(即名字相同),则会使用子类成员函数

例:类的继承

class CAnimal: 
    def __init__(self,voice='hello'):
    # voice初始化默认为hello 
       self.voice = voice 
    def Say(self): 
      print self.voice 
 def Run(self): 
      pass # 空操作语句(不做任何操作) 
class CDog(CAnimal): # 继承类CAnimal 
  def SetVoice(self,voice): # 子类增加函数
     SetVoice self.voice = voice 
    def Run(self,voice): # 子类重载函数Run      
      print 'Running' 
bobo = CDog() 
bobo.SetVoice('My Name is BoBo!')
# 设置child.data为hello 
bobo.Say() 
bobo.Run() 
>> My Name is BoBo! 
>> Running
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希望本文所述对大家的Python程序设计有所帮助。

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