简单介绍Python中的struct模块
准确地讲，Python没有专门处理字节的数据类型。但由于str既是字符串，又可以表示字节，所以，字节数组＝str。而在C语言中，我们可以很方便地用struct、union来处理字节，以及字节和int，float的转换。
在Python中，比方说要把一个32位无符号整数变成字节，也就是4个长度的str，你得配合位运算符这么写：
>>> n = 10240099 >>> b1 = chr((n & 0xff000000) >> 24) >>> b2 = chr((n & 0xff0000) >> 16) >>> b3 = chr((n & 0xff00) >> 8) >>> b4 = chr(n & 0xff) >>> s = b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 >>> s '\x00\x9c@c'
非常麻烦。如果换成浮点数就无能为力了。
好在Python提供了一个struct模块来解决str和其他二进制数据类型的转换。
struct的pack函数把任意数据类型变成字符串：
>>> import struct
>>> struct.pack('>I', 10240099)
'\x00\x9c@c'
pack的第一个参数是处理指令，'>I'的意思是：
>表示字节顺序是big-endian，也就是网络序，I表示4字节无符号整数。
后面的参数个数要和处理指令一致。
unpack把str变成相应的数据类型：
>>> struct.unpack('>IH', '\xf0\xf0\xf0\xf0\x80\x80')
(4042322160, 32896)
根据>IH的说明，后面的str依次变为I：4字节无符号整数和H：2字节无符号整数。
所以，尽管Python不适合编写底层操作字节流的代码，但在对性能要求不高的地方，利用struct就方便多了。
struct模块定义的数据类型可以参考Python官方文档：
https://docs.python.org/2/library/struct.html#format-characters
Windows的位图文件（.bmp）是一种非常简单的文件格式，我们来用struct分析一下。
首先找一个bmp文件，没有的话用“画图”画一个。
读入前30个字节来分析：
>>> s = '\x42\x4d\x38\x8c\x0a\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x36\x00\x00\x00\x28\x00\x00\x00\x80\x02\x00\x00\x68\x01\x00\x00\x01\x00\x18\x00'
BMP格式采用小端方式存储数据，文件头的结构按顺序如下：
两个字节：'BM'表示Windows位图，'BA'表示OS/2位图；
一个4字节整数：表示位图大小；
一个4字节整数：保留位，始终为0；
一个4字节整数：实际图像的偏移量；
一个4字节整数：Header的字节数；
一个4字节整数：图像宽度；
一个4字节整数：图像高度；
一个2字节整数：始终为1；
一个2字节整数：颜色数。
所以，组合起来用unpack读取：
>>> struct.unpack('<ccIIIIIIHH', s)
('B', 'M', 691256, 0, 54, 40, 640, 360, 1, 24)
结果显示，'B'、'M'说明是Windows位图，位图大小为640x360，颜色数为24。
请编写一个bmpinfo.py，可以检查任意文件是否是位图文件，如果是，打印出图片大小和颜色数。
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