简单介绍Python中的JSON使用
JSON进阶
Python的dict对象可以直接序列化为JSON的{}，不过，很多时候，我们更喜欢用class表示对象，比如定义Student类，然后序列化：
import json
class Student(object):
def __init__(self, name, age, score):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.score = score
s = Student('Bob', 20, 88)
print(json.dumps(s))
运行代码，毫不留情地得到一个TypeError：
Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: <__main__.Student object at 0x10aabef50> is not JSON serializable
错误的原因是Student对象不是一个可序列化为JSON的对象。
如果连class的实例对象都无法序列化为JSON，这肯定不合理！
别急，我们仔细看看dumps()方法的参数列表，可以发现，除了第一个必须的obj参数外，dumps()方法还提供了一大堆的可选参数：
https://docs.python.org/2/library/json.html#json.dumps
这些可选参数就是让我们来定制JSON序列化。前面的代码之所以无法把Student类实例序列化为JSON，是因为默认情况下，dumps()方法不知道如何将Student实例变为一个JSON的{}对象。
可选参数default就是把任意一个对象变成一个可序列为JSON的对象，我们只需要为Student专门写一个转换函数，再把函数传进去即可：
def student2dict(std):
return {
'name': std.name,
'age': std.age,
'score': std.score
}
print(json.dumps(s, default=student2dict))
这样，Student实例首先被student2dict()函数转换成dict，然后再被顺利序列化为JSON。
不过，下次如果遇到一个Teacher类的实例，照样无法序列化为JSON。我们可以偷个懒，把任意class的实例变为dict：
print(json.dumps(s, default=lambda obj: obj.__dict__))
因为通常class的实例都有一个__dict__属性，它就是一个dict，用来存储实例变量。也有少数例外，比如定义了__slots__的class。
同样的道理，如果我们要把JSON反序列化为一个Student对象实例，loads()方法首先转换出一个dict对象，然后，我们传入的object_hook函数负责把dict转换为Student实例：
def dict2student(d):
return Student(d['name'], d['age'], d['score'])
json_str = '{"age": 20, "score": 88, "name": "Bob"}'
print(json.loads(json_str, object_hook=dict2student))
运行结果如下：
<__main__.Student object at 0x10cd3c190>
打印出的是反序列化的Student实例对象。
小结
Python语言特定的序列化模块是pickle，但如果要把序列化搞得更通用、更符合Web标准，就可以使用json模块。
json模块的dumps()和loads()函数是定义得非常好的接口的典范。当我们使用时，只需要传入一个必须的参数。但是，当默认的序列化或反序列机制不满足我们的要求时，我们又可以传入更多的参数来定制序列化或反序列化的规则，既做到了接口简单易用，又做到了充分的扩展性和灵活性。
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