浅析Python中的序列化存储的方法
在程序运行的过程中，所有的变量都是在内存中，比如，定义一个dict：
d = dict(name='Bob', age=20, score=88)
可以随时修改变量，比如把name改成'Bill'，但是一旦程序结束，变量所占用的内存就被操作系统全部回收。如果没有把修改后的'Bill'存储到磁盘上，下次重新运行程序，变量又被初始化为'Bob'。
我们把变量从内存中变成可存储或传输的过程称之为序列化，在Python中叫pickling，在其他语言中也被称之为serialization，marshalling，flattening等等，都是一个意思。
序列化之后，就可以把序列化后的内容写入磁盘，或者通过网络传输到别的机器上。
反过来，把变量内容从序列化的对象重新读到内存里称之为反序列化，即unpickling。
Python提供两个模块来实现序列化：cPickle和pickle。这两个模块功能是一样的，区别在于cPickle是C语言写的，速度快，pickle是纯Python写的，速度慢，跟cStringIO和StringIO一个道理。用的时候，先尝试导入cPickle，如果失败，再导入pickle：
try: import cPickle as pickle except ImportError: import pickle
首先，我们尝试把一个对象序列化并写入文件：
>>> d = dict(name='Bob', age=20, score=88) >>> pickle.dumps(d) "(dp0\nS'age'\np1\nI20\nsS'score'\np2\nI88\nsS'name'\np3\nS'Bob'\np4\ns."
pickle.dumps()方法把任意对象序列化成一个str，然后，就可以把这个str写入文件。或者用另一个方法pickle.dump()直接把对象序列化后写入一个file-like Object：
>>> f = open('dump.txt', 'wb')
>>> pickle.dump(d, f)
>>> f.close()
看看写入的dump.txt文件，一堆乱七八糟的内容，这些都是Python保存的对象内部信息。
当我们要把对象从磁盘读到内存时，可以先把内容读到一个str，然后用pickle.loads()方法反序列化出对象，也可以直接用pickle.load()方法从一个file-like Object中直接反序列化出对象。我们打开另一个Python命令行来反序列化刚才保存的对象：
>>> f = open('dump.txt', 'rb')
>>> d = pickle.load(f)
>>> f.close()
>>> d
{'age': 20, 'score': 88, 'name': 'Bob'}
变量的内容又回来了！
当然，这个变量和原来的变量是完全不相干的对象，它们只是内容相同而已。
Pickle的问题和所有其他编程语言特有的序列化问题一样，就是它只能用于Python，并且可能不同版本的Python彼此都不兼容，因此，只能用Pickle保存那些不重要的数据，不能成功地反序列化也没关系。
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