在Python中使用第三方模块的教程
在Python中，安装第三方模块，是通过setuptools这个工具完成的。Python有两个封装了setuptools的包管理工具：easy_install和pip。目前官方推荐使用pip。
如果你正在使用Mac或Linux，安装pip本身这个步骤就可以跳过了。
如果你正在使用Windows，请参考安装Python一节的内容，确保安装时勾选了pip和Add python.exe to Path。
在命令提示符窗口下尝试运行pip，如果Windows提示未找到命令，可以重新运行安装程序添加pip。
现在，让我们来安装一个第三方库——Python Imaging Library，这是Python下非常强大的处理图像的工具库。一般来说，第三方库都会在Python官方的pypi.python.org网站注册，要安装一个第三方库，必须先知道该库的名称，可以在官网或者pypi上搜索，比如Python Imaging Library的名称叫PIL，因此，安装Python Imaging Library的命令就是：
pip install PIL
耐心等待下载并安装后，就可以使用PIL了。
有了PIL，处理图片易如反掌。随便找个图片生成缩略图：
>>> import Image
>>> im = Image.open('test.png')
>>> print im.format, im.size, im.mode
PNG (400, 300) RGB
>>> im.thumbnail((200, 100))
>>> im.save('thumb.jpg', 'JPEG')
其他常用的第三方库还有MySQL的驱动：MySQL-python，用于科学计算的NumPy库：numpy，用于生成文本的模板工具Jinja2，等等。
模块搜索路径
当我们试图加载一个模块时，Python会在指定的路径下搜索对应的.py文件，如果找不到，就会报错：
>>> import mymodule Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ImportError: No module named mymodule
默认情况下，Python解释器会搜索当前目录、所有已安装的内置模块和第三方模块，搜索路径存放在sys模块的path变量中：
>>> import sys >>> sys.path ['', '/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pycrypto-2.6.1-py2.7-macosx-10.9-intel.egg', '/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/PIL-1.1.7-py2.7-macosx-10.9-intel.egg', ...]
如果我们要添加自己的搜索目录，有两种方法：
一是直接修改sys.path，添加要搜索的目录：
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.append('/Users/michael/my_py_scripts')
这种方法是在运行时修改，运行结束后失效。
第二种方法是设置环境变量PYTHONPATH，该环境变量的内容会被自动添加到模块搜索路径中。设置方式与设置Path环境变量类似。注意只需要添加你自己的搜索路径，Python自己本身的搜索路径不受影响。
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