Python中自定义函数的教程
在Python中，定义一个函数要使用def语句，依次写出函数名、括号、括号中的参数和冒号:，然后，在缩进块中编写函数体，函数的返回值用return语句返回。
我们以自定义一个求绝对值的my_abs函数为例：
def my_abs(x):
if x >= 0:
return x
else:
return -x
请自行测试并调用my_abs看看返回结果是否正确。
请注意，函数体内部的语句在执行时，一旦执行到return时，函数就执行完毕，并将结果返回。因此，函数内部通过条件判断和循环可以实现非常复杂的逻辑。
如果没有return语句，函数执行完毕后也会返回结果，只是结果为None。
return None可以简写为return。
空函数
如果想定义一个什么事也不做的空函数，可以用pass语句：
def nop(): pass
pass语句什么都不做，那有什么用？实际上pass可以用来作为占位符，比如现在还没想好怎么写函数的代码，就可以先放一个pass，让代码能运行起来。
pass还可以用在其他语句里，比如：
if age >= 18: pass
缺少了pass，代码运行就会有语法错误。
参数检查
调用函数时，如果参数个数不对，Python解释器会自动检查出来，并抛出TypeError：
>>> my_abs(1, 2) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: my_abs() takes exactly 1 argument (2 given)
但是如果参数类型不对，Python解释器就无法帮我们检查。试试my_abs和内置函数abs的差别：
>>> my_abs('A')
'A'
>>> abs('A')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: bad operand type for abs(): 'str'
当传入了不恰当的参数时，内置函数abs会检查出参数错误，而我们定义的my_abs没有参数检查，所以，这个函数定义不够完善。
让我们修改一下my_abs的定义，对参数类型做检查，只允许整数和浮点数类型的参数。数据类型检查可以用内置函数isinstance实现：
def my_abs(x):
if not isinstance(x, (int, float)):
raise TypeError('bad operand type')
if x >= 0:
return x
else:
return -x
添加了参数检查后，如果传入错误的参数类型，函数就可以抛出一个错误：
>>> my_abs('A')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 3, in my_abs
TypeError: bad operand type
错误和异常处理将在后续讲到。
返回多个值
函数可以返回多个值吗？答案是肯定的。
比如在游戏中经常需要从一个点移动到另一个点，给出坐标、位移和角度，就可以计算出新的新的坐标：
import math def move(x, y, step, angle=0): nx = x + step * math.cos(angle) ny = y - step * math.sin(angle) return nx, ny
这样我们就可以同时获得返回值：
>>> x, y = move(100, 100, 60, math.pi / 6) >>> print x, y 151.961524227 70.0
但其实这只是一种假象，Python函数返回的仍然是单一值：
>>> r = move(100, 100, 60, math.pi / 6) >>> print r (151.96152422706632, 70.0)
原来返回值是一个tuple！但是，在语法上，返回一个tuple可以省略括号，而多个变量可以同时接收一个tuple，按位置赋给对应的值，所以，Python的函数返回多值其实就是返回一个tuple，但写起来更方便。
小结
定义函数时，需要确定函数名和参数个数；
如果有必要，可以先对参数的数据类型做检查；
函数体内部可以用return随时返回函数结果；
函数执行完毕也没有return语句时，自动return None。
函数可以同时返回多个值，但其实就是一个tuple。
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