Python中的map()函数和reduce()函数的用法
Python内建了map()和reduce()函数。
如果你读过Google的那篇大名鼎鼎的论文“MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters”，你就能大概明白map/reduce的概念。
我们先看map。map()函数接收两个参数，一个是函数，一个是序列，map将传入的函数依次作用到序列的每个元素，并把结果作为新的list返回。
举例说明，比如我们有一个函数f(x)=x2，要把这个函数作用在一个list [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]上，就可以用map()实现如下：
现在，我们用Python代码实现：
>>> def f(x): ... return x * x ... >>> map(f, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
map()传入的第一个参数是f，即函数对象本身。
你可能会想，不需要map()函数，写一个循环，也可以计算出结果：
L = [] for n in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]: L.append(f(n)) print L
的确可以，但是，从上面的循环代码，能一眼看明白“把f(x)作用在list的每一个元素并把结果生成一个新的list”吗？
所以，map()作为高阶函数，事实上它把运算规则抽象了，因此，我们不但可以计算简单的f(x)=x2，还可以计算任意复杂的函数，比如，把这个list所有数字转为字符串：
>>> map(str, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']
只需要一行代码。
再看reduce的用法。reduce把一个函数作用在一个序列[x1, x2, x3...]上，这个函数必须接收两个参数，reduce把结果继续和序列的下一个元素做累积计算，其效果就是：
reduce(f, [x1, x2, x3, x4]) = f(f(f(x1, x2), x3), x4)
比方说对一个序列求和，就可以用reduce实现：
>>> def add(x, y): ... return x + y ... >>> reduce(add, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]) 25
当然求和运算可以直接用Python内建函数sum()，没必要动用reduce。
但是如果要把序列[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]变换成整数13579，reduce就可以派上用场：
>>> def fn(x, y): ... return x * 10 + y ... >>> reduce(fn, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]) 13579
这个例子本身没多大用处，但是，如果考虑到字符串str也是一个序列，对上面的例子稍加改动，配合map()，我们就可以写出把str转换为int的函数：
>>> def fn(x, y):
... return x * 10 + y
...
>>> def char2num(s):
... return {'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9}[s]
...
>>> reduce(fn, map(char2num, '13579'))
13579
整理成一个str2int的函数就是：
def str2int(s):
def fn(x, y):
return x * 10 + y
def char2num(s):
return {'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9}[s]
return reduce(fn, map(char2num, s))
还可以用lambda函数进一步简化成：
def char2num(s):
return {'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9}[s]
def str2int(s): return reduce(lambda x,y: x*10+y, map(char2num, s))
也就是说，假设Python没有提供int()函数，你完全可以自己写一个把字符串转化为整数的函数，而且只需要几行代码！
练习
利用map()函数，把用户输入的不规范的英文名字，变为首字母大写，其他小写的规范名字。输入：['adam', 'LISA', 'barT']，输出：['Adam', 'Lisa', 'Bart']。
Python提供的sum()函数可以接受一个list并求和，请编写一个prod()函数，可以接受一个list并利用reduce()求积。
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