最基础的Python的socket编程入门教程
本文介绍使用Python进行Socket网络编程，假设读者已经具备了基本的网络编程知识和Python的基本语法知识，本文中的代码如果没有说明则都是运行在Python 3.4下。
Python的socket功能封装在socket库中，要使用socket，记得先import socket，socket库的详细介绍参见官方文档。
创建Socket
首先创建一个socket，使用socket库中得socket函数创建。
import socket
# create an INET, STREAM socket s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
例子中创建了一个TCP socket，socket.socket函数的前两个参数的默认值是socket.AF_INET和socket.SOCK_STREAM，创建TCP socket时可以直接写成socket.socket()。
连接服务器
使用socket的connect函数连接到服务器，以下几种参数都是合法的。
s.connect(('localhost', 8000))
s.connect(('127.0.0.1', 8000))
s.connect(('www.baidu.com', 80))
发送数据
发送数据有两个方法send和sendall，send不能保证所有的数据都发送完了，它会返回已发送数据的长度，程序要循环发送数据直到所有数据都已发送完毕。
def mysend(s, msg):
total_len = len(msg)
total_sent = 0
while total_sent < total_len:
sent = s.send(msg[total_sent:])
if sent == 0:
raise RuntimeError("socket connection broken")
total_sent += sent
sendall能够保证所有的数据都已发送完毕，除非发送过程中出现了错误，它实际上也是循环发送数据直到所有数据发送完成。
这里还要讲一个需要特别注意的地方，从一个例子开始吧：
import socket
s = socket.socket()
s.connect(('www.baidu.com', 80))
s.sendall('test')
都是上面讲过的东西，没什么特别的，分别在Python 2和Python 3中执行以上的代码，结果是：
# Python 2.7
>>> import socket
>>> s = socket.socket()
>>> s.connect(('www.baidu.com', 80))
>>> s.sendall('test')
Python 2中执行成功。
# Python 3.4
>>> import socket
>>> s = socket.socket()
>>> s.connect(('www.baidu.com', 80))
>>> s.sendall('test')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface
Python 3中却发生了异常。
同样的代码换个环境却不能执行了，我没有写错呀，怒砸电脑。好吧，你确实没写错，是环境变了，导致这个结果的变化请移步官方的说明。
接收数据
使用recv函数接收数据：
data = s.recv(4096)
在Python 3中返回的是bytes对象，在Python 2中返回的是string。注意函数返回的数据长度是小于或者等于参数指定的长度的，要接收到指定长度的数据，需要循环接收数据。
def myreceive(s, msglen):
chunks = []
bytes_recd = 0
while bytes_recd < msglen:
chunk = s.recv(min(msglen - bytes_recd, 2048))
if chunk == b'':
raise RuntimeError("socket connection broken")
chunks.append(chunk)
bytes_recd = bytes_recd + len(chunk)
return b''.join(chunks)
关闭连接
当连接不再需要时可以使用close关闭socket连接，关闭后的连接不能再进行任何操作。当一个socket被回收时会自动关闭，但是不要依赖这种机制，不需要socket时就主动的close。
服务端
服务端程序执行的步骤：
1. 创建服务端socket
1. 将服务端socket绑定到指定的地址和端口
1. 监听连接
1. 接受客户端连接
1. 处理客户端的数据
1. 关闭客户端连接
一个简单的echo server示例：
import socket
HOST = ''
PORT = 10022
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.bind((HOST, PORT))
s.listen(10)
conn, addr = s.accept()
while True:
data = conn.recv(1024)
if not data:
break
conn.sendall(data)
conn.close()
客户端程序：
import socket
HOST = 'localhost'
PORT = 10022
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect((HOST, PORT))
s.sendall(b'hello socket')
data = s.recv(1024)
print('Received', repr(data))
s.close()
错误处理
socket处理过程中发生错误会抛出异常，socket相关的异常有：
- - socket.error
- - socket.herror
- - socket.gaierror
- - socket.timeout
import socket HOST = None PORT = 10022 try: s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.bind((HOST, PORT)) s.listen(10) except: socket.error as msg: print(msg)
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