在Python的Django框架中实现Hacker News的一些功能
逐步指示
这是提供给更喜欢阅读的人的视频文本版本。我们将创建一个类似黑客新闻 或Reddit的社交新闻网站。它将被称为“钢铁传闻”，作为一个分享关于“钢铁侠”的有趣传闻和对其进行投票的地方。
屏幕录像第一部分的概述：
- 目标
- 虚拟环境- 从零开始!
- 模型管理 - 梦想的工作 #78
- 基本的模板
- 通用视图 - 新闻列表视图和 新闻细节视图
- 分页-免费！!
设置虚拟环境
我们将用virtualenv 和 virtualenvwrapper来建立一个虚拟开发环境。首先请确认你已经安装了它们：
mkvirtualenv djangorocks
我在屏幕录像中使用的是一个叫Xubuntu的变种Ubuntu系统。但你应该能够在其他的操作系统以最小的改变重复这些步骤。
安装 Django (请确认你已经安装了pip )：
pip install Django==1.5
你也可以使用 Django 1.5.1. 这些方法和代码在最新的 Django 版本中没有测试过能否工作，所以最好按照本教程使用的版本来学习。
创建工程和应用
创建一个名为steelrumors的工程:
cd ~/projects
django-admin.py startproject steelrumors
cd steelrumors
chmod +x manage.py
在你喜爱的编辑器中打开steelrumors/settings.py文件。定位和改变下列内容 (改变用粗体显示)：
'NAME': 'database.db',
最后 INSTALLED_APPS = ( 'django.contrib.admin',
接下来，修改steelrumors/urls.py，取消下列行的注释:
from django.contrib import admin
admin.autodiscover()
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
)
同步创建管理对象并进入管理详细资料:
./manage.py syncdb
打开一个新标签或一个新终端并保持服务器实例在运行（不要忘了在这个终端上发布可工作的djangorocks）：
./manage.py runserver
访问管理页 (一般是 http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/) 并登录.
创建链接应用:
./manage.py startapp links
输入下面两个模型类到links/models.py文件中:
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class Link(models.Model):
title = models.CharField("Headline", max_length=100)
submitter = models.ForeignKey(User)
submitted_on = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
rank_score = models.FloatField(default=0.0)
url = models.URLField("URL", max_length=250, blank=True)
description = models.TextField(blank=True)
def __unicode__(self):
return self.title
class Vote(models.Model):
voter = models.ForeignKey(User)
link = models.ForeignKey(Link)
def __unicode__(self):
return "%s upvoted %s" % (self.voter.username, self.link.title)
建立相应的管理类。输入下面内容到 links/admin.py 中:
from django.contrib import admin from .models import Link, Vote class LinkAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): pass admin.site.register(Link, LinkAdmin) class VoteAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): pass admin.site.register(Vote, VoteAdmin)
输入下面内容到links/views.py:
from django.views.generic import ListView
from .models import Link, Vote
class LinkListView(ListView):
model = Link
Insert following lines intosteelrumor/urls.py:
from links.views import LinkListView
...
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^$', LinkListView.as_view(), name='home'),
建立一个新的模板文件夹，在steelrumors/templates/links/link_list.html中输入下面内容:
<ol>
{% for link in object_list %}
<li>
<a href="{{ link.url }}">
<b>{{ link.title }}</b>
</a>
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ol>
编辑settings.py，添加你的两个应用到INSTALLED_APPS = (的尾部：
'links', 'steelrumors', )
同步建立链接对象，并在管理界面里输入一些数据:
./manage.py syncdb
添加品牌
建立一个通用基本模板steelrumors/templates/base.html:
<html>
<body>
<h1 id="Steel-Rumors">Steel Rumors</h1>
{% block content %}
{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>
修改steelrumors/templates/links/link_list.html，用这种方式把原先代码包裹起来：
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
...
{% endblock %}
投票数模型管理器
我们需要在我们的通用ListView中添加一个计票数。添加这些到 links/models.py:
from django.db.models import Count
class LinkVoteCountManager(models.Manager):
def get_query_set(self):
return super(LinkVoteCountManager, self).get_query_set().annotate(
votes=Count('vote')).order_by('-votes')
Insert these two lines into the Link class inlinks/models.py:
class Link(models.Model):
...
with_votes = LinkVoteCountManager()
objects = models.Manager() #default manager
编辑 links/views.py，添加这两行到LinkListView类中:
class LinkListView(ListView):
...
queryset = Link.with_votes.all()
paginate_by = 3
狂欢（作弊）
您可以在django shell中用下面的行给随机的标题添加100个选票数：
$ ./manage.py shell
>>> from links.models import Link
>>> for i in xrange(100): Vote(link=Link.objects.order_by('?')[0],voter=a).save()
最终评论
或许你想知道这个网站的这个版本是否有用，我想说，它作为私人测试版是工作不错的。任何新用户都必须通过管理界面手动添加。如果想让他们登陆管理界面，他们必须是员工。员工可以通过手动创建投票对象来进行投票。
站点面向大众的部分仍能显示来自员工投票率最高的传闻。基于如何设计好的模板的问题，这个版本也可以用来获取对网站的设计和品牌的反馈。
总结完第一部分。想得到随后部分的更新，请在Twitter上粉我一个@arocks。
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