Home Backend Development Python Tutorial Python中的面向对象编程详解(下)

Python中的面向对象编程详解(下)

Jun 10, 2016 pm 03:15 PM
python object-oriented

继承

继承描述了基类的属性如何“遗传”给派生类。一个子类可以继承它的基类的任何属性,不管是数据属性还是方法。
创建子类的语法看起来与普通(新式)类没有区别,一个类名,后跟一个或多个需要从其中派生的父类:

复制代码 代码如下:

class SubClassName (ParentClass1[, ParentClass2, ...]):
    'optional class documentation string'
    class_suite

实例
复制代码 代码如下:

class Parent(object): # define parent class 定义父类
    def parentMethod(self):
    print 'calling parent method'

class Child(Parent): # define child class 定义子类
    def childMethod(self):
    print 'calling child method'


继承与覆盖

继承

不同于Java,python的子类继承父类后,会把父类的所有的方法,包括构造器init()也继承下来.

复制代码 代码如下:

class Parent():
    def __init__(self):
        print "init Parent class instance"

    def func(self):
        print "call parent func"

class Child(Parent):
    def __init__(self):
        print "init Child class instance"

child = Child()
child.func()


输出
复制代码 代码如下:

init Child class instance
call parent func

super关键字

super 是用来解决多重继承问题的,直接用类名调用父类方法在使用单继承的时候没问题,但是如果使用多继承,会涉及到查找顺序(MRO)、重复调用(钻石继承)等种种问题。语法如下

复制代码 代码如下:

super(type[, obj])

示例
复制代码 代码如下:

class C(B):
    def method(self, arg):
        super(C, self).method(arg)

注意

super继承只能用于新式类,用于经典类时就会报错。
新式类:必须有继承的类,如果没什么想继承的,那就继承object
经典类:没有父类,如果此时调用super就会出现错误:『super() argument 1 must be type, not classobj』
实例

复制代码 代码如下:

class Parent(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.phone = '123456'
        self.address = 'abcd'

class Child(Parent):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Child, self).__init__()
        self.data = 100

def main():
    child = Child()
    print "phone is: ", child.phone
    print "address is: ", child.address
    print "data is: ", child.data

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


输出
复制代码 代码如下:

phone is:  123456
address is:  abcd
data is:  100

重写

子类只要重新定义一个与父类的方法同名的方法,就可以重写覆盖父类的方法. 子类只要把上例父类的func(self)重写就行了.

复制代码 代码如下:

class Parent():
def __init__(self):
print "init Parent class instance"
def func(self):
print "call parent func"
class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self):
print "init Child class instance"

child = Child()
child.func()


输出
复制代码 代码如下:

init Child class instance
call Child func

多重继承

同 C++一样,Python 允许子类继承多个基类。但一般不推荐用多重继承.语法如下:

复制代码 代码如下:

class Father():
    def __init__(self):
        print "init Father instance"

class Mother():
    def __init__(self):
        print "init Mother instance"

class Child(Father, Mother):
    pass


类、实例和其他对象的内建函数

issubclass()

布尔函数判断一个类是另一个类的子类或子孙类。它有如下语法:

复制代码 代码如下:

issubclass(sub, sup)

isinstance()

布尔函数在判定一个对象是否是另一个给定类的实例时,非常有用。它有如下语法:

复制代码 代码如下:

isinstance(obj1, obj2)

attr()系列函数

●hasattr()
它的目的就是为了决定一个对象是否有一个特定的属性,一般用于访问某属性前先作一下检查。
●getattr()和setattr()
●getattr()和 setattr()函数相应地取得和赋值给对象的属性,

●delattr()
删除特定的属性

实例

复制代码 代码如下:

class Child(Parent):
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = 100

child = Child()
print "has data attr?", hasattr(child, 'data')

print "delete attr"
delattr(child, 'data')

print "has data attr?", hasattr(child, 'data')

print "set data attr to 200"
setattr(child, 'data', 200)
print "data attr is: ", getattr(child, 'data')


输出
复制代码 代码如下:

has data attr? True
delete attr
has data attr? False
set data attr to 200
data attr is:  200

私有化

Python没有像Java那样实现真正的封装,只是用双划线和单划线实现私有化.

●双划线
防止外部访问.如在func前加双划线,可以防止包括子类的实例的访问.

复制代码 代码如下:

    def __func(self):
        print "call"

●单划线
防止模块的属性用“from mymodule import *”来加载。
Statement of this Website
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
3 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. Best Graphic Settings
3 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. How to Fix Audio if You Can't Hear Anyone
3 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
WWE 2K25: How To Unlock Everything In MyRise
4 weeks ago By 尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1

Notepad++7.3.1

Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Zend Studio 13.0.1

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6

Dreamweaver CS6

Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Do mysql need to pay Do mysql need to pay Apr 08, 2025 pm 05:36 PM

MySQL has a free community version and a paid enterprise version. The community version can be used and modified for free, but the support is limited and is suitable for applications with low stability requirements and strong technical capabilities. The Enterprise Edition provides comprehensive commercial support for applications that require a stable, reliable, high-performance database and willing to pay for support. Factors considered when choosing a version include application criticality, budgeting, and technical skills. There is no perfect option, only the most suitable option, and you need to choose carefully according to the specific situation.

How to use mysql after installation How to use mysql after installation Apr 08, 2025 am 11:48 AM

The article introduces the operation of MySQL database. First, you need to install a MySQL client, such as MySQLWorkbench or command line client. 1. Use the mysql-uroot-p command to connect to the server and log in with the root account password; 2. Use CREATEDATABASE to create a database, and USE select a database; 3. Use CREATETABLE to create a table, define fields and data types; 4. Use INSERTINTO to insert data, query data, update data by UPDATE, and delete data by DELETE. Only by mastering these steps, learning to deal with common problems and optimizing database performance can you use MySQL efficiently.

MySQL download file is damaged and cannot be installed. Repair solution MySQL download file is damaged and cannot be installed. Repair solution Apr 08, 2025 am 11:21 AM

MySQL download file is corrupt, what should I do? Alas, if you download MySQL, you can encounter file corruption. It’s really not easy these days! This article will talk about how to solve this problem so that everyone can avoid detours. After reading it, you can not only repair the damaged MySQL installation package, but also have a deeper understanding of the download and installation process to avoid getting stuck in the future. Let’s first talk about why downloading files is damaged. There are many reasons for this. Network problems are the culprit. Interruption in the download process and instability in the network may lead to file corruption. There is also the problem with the download source itself. The server file itself is broken, and of course it is also broken when you download it. In addition, excessive "passionate" scanning of some antivirus software may also cause file corruption. Diagnostic problem: Determine if the file is really corrupt

MySQL can't be installed after downloading MySQL can't be installed after downloading Apr 08, 2025 am 11:24 AM

The main reasons for MySQL installation failure are: 1. Permission issues, you need to run as an administrator or use the sudo command; 2. Dependencies are missing, and you need to install relevant development packages; 3. Port conflicts, you need to close the program that occupies port 3306 or modify the configuration file; 4. The installation package is corrupt, you need to download and verify the integrity; 5. The environment variable is incorrectly configured, and the environment variables must be correctly configured according to the operating system. Solve these problems and carefully check each step to successfully install MySQL.

Solutions to the service that cannot be started after MySQL installation Solutions to the service that cannot be started after MySQL installation Apr 08, 2025 am 11:18 AM

MySQL refused to start? Don’t panic, let’s check it out! Many friends found that the service could not be started after installing MySQL, and they were so anxious! Don’t worry, this article will take you to deal with it calmly and find out the mastermind behind it! After reading it, you can not only solve this problem, but also improve your understanding of MySQL services and your ideas for troubleshooting problems, and become a more powerful database administrator! The MySQL service failed to start, and there are many reasons, ranging from simple configuration errors to complex system problems. Let’s start with the most common aspects. Basic knowledge: A brief description of the service startup process MySQL service startup. Simply put, the operating system loads MySQL-related files and then starts the MySQL daemon. This involves configuration

How to optimize MySQL performance for high-load applications? How to optimize MySQL performance for high-load applications? Apr 08, 2025 pm 06:03 PM

MySQL database performance optimization guide In resource-intensive applications, MySQL database plays a crucial role and is responsible for managing massive transactions. However, as the scale of application expands, database performance bottlenecks often become a constraint. This article will explore a series of effective MySQL performance optimization strategies to ensure that your application remains efficient and responsive under high loads. We will combine actual cases to explain in-depth key technologies such as indexing, query optimization, database design and caching. 1. Database architecture design and optimized database architecture is the cornerstone of MySQL performance optimization. Here are some core principles: Selecting the right data type and selecting the smallest data type that meets the needs can not only save storage space, but also improve data processing speed.

How to optimize database performance after mysql installation How to optimize database performance after mysql installation Apr 08, 2025 am 11:36 AM

MySQL performance optimization needs to start from three aspects: installation configuration, indexing and query optimization, monitoring and tuning. 1. After installation, you need to adjust the my.cnf file according to the server configuration, such as the innodb_buffer_pool_size parameter, and close query_cache_size; 2. Create a suitable index to avoid excessive indexes, and optimize query statements, such as using the EXPLAIN command to analyze the execution plan; 3. Use MySQL's own monitoring tool (SHOWPROCESSLIST, SHOWSTATUS) to monitor the database health, and regularly back up and organize the database. Only by continuously optimizing these steps can the performance of MySQL database be improved.

Does mysql need the internet Does mysql need the internet Apr 08, 2025 pm 02:18 PM

MySQL can run without network connections for basic data storage and management. However, network connection is required for interaction with other systems, remote access, or using advanced features such as replication and clustering. Additionally, security measures (such as firewalls), performance optimization (choose the right network connection), and data backup are critical to connecting to the Internet.

See all articles