简单介绍Ruby中的CGI编程
Ruby 是一门通用的语言，不仅仅是一门应用于WEB开发的语言，但 Ruby 在WEB应用及WEB工具中的开发是最常见的。
使用Ruby您不仅可以编写自己的SMTP服务器，FTP程序，或Ruby Web服务器，而且还可以使用Ruby进行CGI编程。
接下来，让我们花点时间来学校Ruby的CGI编辑。
编写 CGI 脚本
最脚本的 Ruby CGI 代码如下所示：
#!/usr/bin/ruby puts "HTTP/1.0 200 OK" puts "Content-type: text/html\n\n" puts "This is a test"
你可以将该代码保持到 test.cgi 文件中，上次到服务器并赋予足够权限，即可作为 CGI 脚本执行。
如果你站的的地址为http://www.example.com/ ，即可用过http://www.example.com/test.cgi 访问该程序，输出结果为： "This is a test."。
浏览器访问该网址后，Web 服务器会在站点目录下找到 test.cgi文件，然后通过Ruby解析器来解析脚本代码并访问HTML文档。
使用 cgi.rb
Ruby 可以调用 CGI 库来编写更复杂的CGI脚本。
以下代码调用了 CGI 库来创建一个脚本的CGI脚本。
#!/usr/bin/ruby require 'cgi' cgi = CGI.new puts cgi.header puts "<html><body>This is a test</body></html>"
以下代码中，创建了CGI 对象并打印头部信息。
表单处理
使用CGI库可以通过两种方式获取表单提交（或URL中的参数）的数据， 例如URL：/cgi-bin/test.cgi?FirstName=Zara&LastName=Ali。
你可以使用 CGI#[] 来直接获取参数FirstName和LastName：
#!/usr/bin/ruby require 'cgi' cgi = CGI.new cgi['FirstName'] # => ["Zara"] cgi['LastName'] # => ["Ali"]
另外一种获取表单数据的方法：
#!/usr/bin/ruby
require 'cgi'
cgi = CGI.new
h = cgi.params # => {"FirstName"=>["Zara"],"LastName"=>["Ali"]}
h['FirstName'] # => ["Zara"]
h['LastName'] # => ["Ali"]
以下代码用于检索所有的键值：
#!/usr/bin/ruby require 'cgi' cgi = CGI.new cgi.keys # => ["FirstName", "LastName"]
如果表单包含了多个相同名称的字段，则该相同字段的值将保存在数组中。
以下实例中，指定表单中三个相同的字段"name"，值分别为 "Zara", "Huma" 和 "Nuha":
#!/usr/bin/ruby
require 'cgi'
cgi = CGI.new
cgi['name'] # => "Zara"
cgi.params['name'] # => ["Zara", "Huma", "Nuha"]
cgi.keys # => ["name"]
cgi.params # => {"name"=>["Zara", "Huma", "Nuha"]}
注意：Ruby 会自动判断 GET 和 POST 方法，所以无需对两种方法区别对待。
以下是相关的HML代码：
<html> <body> <form method="POST" action="http://www.example.com/test.cgi"> First Name :<input type="text" name="FirstName" value="" /> <br /> Last Name :<input type="text" name="LastName" value="" /> <input type="submit" value="Submit Data" /> </form> </body> </html>
创建 Form 表单和 HTML
CGI 包含了大量的方法来创建 HTML，每个HTML标签都有相对应的方法。 在使用这些方法前，比必须通过 CGI.new 来创建 CGI 对象。
为了使标签的嵌套更加的简单，这些方法将内容作为了代码块，代码块将返回字符串作为标签的内容。如下所示：
#!/usr/bin/ruby
require "cgi"
cgi = CGI.new("html4")
cgi.out{
cgi.html{
cgi.head{ "\n"+cgi.title{"This Is a Test"} } +
cgi.body{ "\n"+
cgi.form{"\n"+
cgi.hr +
cgi.h1 { "A Form: " } + "\n"+
cgi.textarea("get_text") +"\n"+
cgi.br +
cgi.submit
}
}
}
}
字符串转义
当你在处理 URL 中的参数或者 HTML 表单数据时，需要对指定的特殊字符进行转义，如：引号（"）,反斜杠(/)。
Ruby CGI 对象提供了CGI.escape 和 CGI.unescape 方法来处理这些特殊字符的转义：
#!/usr/bin/ruby require 'cgi' puts CGI.escape(Zara Ali/A Sweet & Sour Girl")
以上代码执行结果如下：
#!/usr/bin/ruby require 'cgi' puts CGI.escape(Zara Ali/A Sweet & Sour Girl")
另一组实例：
#!/usr/bin/ruby
require 'cgi'
puts CGI.escapeHTML('<h1 id="Zara-Ali-A-Sweet-Sour-Girl">Zara Ali/A Sweet & Sour Girl</h1>')
以上代码执行结果如下：
<h1 id="Zara-Ali-A-Sweet-Sour-Girl">Zara Ali/A Sweet & Sour Girl</h1>'
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