详解Python中的__new__()方法的使用
先看下object类中对__new__()方法的定义：
class object:
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(cls, *more): # known special case of object.__new__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
object将__new__()方法定义为静态方法，并且至少需要传递一个参数cls，cls表示需要实例化的类，此参数在实例化时由Python解释器自动提供。
我们来看下下面类中对__new__()方法的实现：
class Demo(object):
def __init__(self):
print '__init__() called...'
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print '__new__() - {cls}'.format(cls=cls)
return object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
if __name__ == '__main__':
de = Demo()
输出：
__new__() - <class '__main__.Demo'> __init__() called...
发现实例化对象的时候，调用__init__()初始化之前，先调用了__new__()方法
__new__()必须要有返回值，返回实例化出来的实例，需要注意的是，可以return父类__new__()出来的实例，也可以直接将object的__new__()出来的实例返回。
__init__()有一个参数self，该self参数就是__new__()返回的实例，__init__()在__new__()的基础上可以完成一些其它初始化的动作，__init__()不需要返回值。
若__new__()没有正确返回当前类cls的实例，那__init__()将不会被调用，即使是父类的实例也不行。
我们可以将类比作制造商，__new__()方法就是前期的原材料购买环节，__init__()方法就是在有原材料的基础上，加工，初始化商品环节。
实际应用过程中，我们可以这么使用：
class LxmlDocument(object_ref):
cache = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
__slots__ = ['__weakref__']
def __new__(cls, response, parser=etree.HTMLParser):
cache = cls.cache.setdefault(response, {})
if parser not in cache:
obj = object_ref.__new__(cls)
cache[parser] = _factory(response, parser)
return cache[parser]
该类中的__new__()方法的使用，就是再进行初始化之前，检查缓存中是否存在该对象，如果存在则将缓存存放对象直接返回，如果不存在，则将对象放至缓存中，供下次使用。
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