Python多线程编程(四):使用Lock互斥锁
前面已经演示了Python:使用threading模块实现多线程编程二两种方式起线程和Python:使用threading模块实现多线程编程三threading.Thread类的重要函数,这两篇文章的示例都是演示了互不相干的独立线程,现在我们考虑这样一个问题:假设各个线程需要访问同一公共资源,我们的代码该怎么写?
'''
Created on 2012-9-8
@author: walfred
@module: thread.ThreadTest3
'''
import threading
import time
counter = 0
class MyThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
def run(self):
global counter
time.sleep(1);
counter += 1
print "I am %s, set counter:%s" % (self.name, counter)
if __name__ == "__main__":
for i in range(0, 200):
my_thread = MyThread()
my_thread.start()
解决上面的问题,我们兴许会写出这样的代码,我们假设跑200个线程,但是这200个线程都会去访问counter这个公共资源,并对该资源进行处理(counter += 1),代码看起来就是这个样了,但是我们看下运行结果:
I am Thread-69, set counter:64
I am Thread-73, set counter:66I am Thread-74, set counter:67I am Thread-75, set counter:68I am Thread-76, set counter:69I am Thread-78, set counter:70I am Thread-77, set counter:71I am Thread-58, set counter:72I am Thread-60, set counter:73I am Thread-62, set counter:74I am Thread-66,set counter:75I am Thread-70, set counter:76I am Thread-72, set counter:77I am Thread-79, set counter:78I am Thread-71, set counter:78
打印结果我只贴了一部分,从中我们已经看出了这个全局资源(counter)被抢占的情况,问题产生的原因就是没有控制多个线程对同一资源的访问,对数据造成破坏,使得线程运行的结果不可预期。这种现象称为“线程不安全”。在开发过程中我们必须要避免这种情况,那怎么避免?这就用到了我们在综述中提到的互斥锁了。
互斥锁概念
Python编程中,引入了对象互斥锁的概念,来保证共享数据操作的完整性。每个对象都对应于一个可称为” 互斥锁” 的标记,这个标记用来保证在任一时刻,只能有一个线程访问该对象。在Python中我们使用threading模块提供的Lock类。
我们对上面的程序进行整改,为此我们需要添加一个互斥锁变量mutex = threading.Lock(),然后在争夺资源的时候之前我们会先抢占这把锁mutex.acquire(),对资源使用完成之后我们在释放这把锁mutex.release()。代码如下:
'''
Created on 2012-9-8
@author: walfred
@module: thread.ThreadTest4
'''
import threading
import time
counter = 0
mutex = threading.Lock()
class MyThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
def run(self):
global counter, mutex
time.sleep(1);
if mutex.acquire():
counter += 1
print "I am %s, set counter:%s" % (self.name, counter)
mutex.release()
if __name__ == "__main__":
for i in range(0, 100):
my_thread = MyThread()
my_thread.start()
同步阻塞
当一个线程调用Lock对象的acquire()方法获得锁时,这把锁就进入“locked”状态。因为每次只有一个线程1可以获得锁,所以如果此时另一个线程2试图获得这个锁,该线程2就会变为“blo同步阻塞状态。直到拥有锁的线程1调用锁的release()方法释放锁之后,该锁进入“unlocked”状态。线程调度程序从处于同步阻塞状态的线程中选择一个来获得锁,并使得该线程进入运行(running)状态。
进一步考虑
通过对公共资源使用互斥锁,这样就简单的到达了我们的目的,但是如果我们又遇到下面的情况:
遇到锁嵌套的情况该怎么办,这个嵌套是指当我一个线程在获取临界资源时,又需要再次获取;
如果有多个公共资源,在线程间共享多个资源的时候,如果两个线程分别占有一部分资源并且同时等待对方的资源;
上述这两种情况会直接造成程序挂起,即死锁,下面我们会谈死锁及可重入锁RLock。

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