用Python制作在地图上模拟瘟疫扩散的Gif图
受杰森的《Almost Looks Like Work》启发，我来展示一些病毒传播模型。需要注意的是这个模型并不反映现实情况，因此不要误以为是西非可怕的传染病。相反，它更应该被看做是某种虚构的僵尸爆发现象。那么，让我们进入主题。
这就是SIR模型，其中字母S、I和R反映的是在僵尸疫情中，个体可能处于的不同状态。
- S 代表易感群体，即健康个体中潜在的可能转变的数量。
- I 代表染病群体，即僵尸数量。
- R 代表移除量，即因死亡而退出游戏的僵尸数量，或者感染后又转回人类的数量。但对与僵尸不存在治愈者，所以我们就不要自我愚弄了（如果要把SIR模型应用到流感传染中，还是有治愈者的）。
- 至于β(beta)和γ(gamma):
- β(beta)表示疾病的传染性程度，只要被咬就会感染。
- γ(gamma)表示从僵尸走向死亡的速率，取决于僵尸猎人的平均工作速率，当然，这不是一个完美的模型，请对我保持耐心。
- S′=?βIS告诉我们健康者变成僵尸的速率，S′是对时间的导数。
- I′=βIS?γI告诉我们感染者是如何增加的，以及行尸进入移除态速率（双关语）。
- R′=γI只是加上(gamma I)，这一项在前面的等式中是负的。
上面的模型没有考虑S/I/R的空间分布，下面来修正一下！
一种方法是把瑞典和北欧国家分割成网格，每个单元可以感染邻近单元，描述如下：
其中对于单元，和是它周围的四个单元。（不要因为对角单元而脑疲劳，我们需要我们的大脑不被吃掉）。
初始化一些东东。
import numpy as np import math import matplotlib.pyplot as plt %matplotlib inline from matplotlib import rcParams import matplotlib.image as mpimg rcParams['font.family'] = 'serif' rcParams['font.size'] = 16 rcParams['figure.figsize'] = 12, 8 from PIL import Image
适当的beta和gamma值就能够摧毁大半江山
beta = 0.010 gamma = 1
还记得导数的定义么？当导数已知，假设Δt很小的情况下，经过重新整理，它可以用来近似预测函数的下一个取值，我们已经声明过u′(t)。
初始化一些东东。
import numpy as np import math import matplotlib.pyplot as plt %matplotlib inline from matplotlib import rcParams import matplotlib.image as mpimg rcParams['font.family'] = 'serif' rcParams['font.size'] = 16 rcParams['figure.figsize'] = 12, 8 from PIL import Image
适当的beta和gamma值就能够摧毁大半江山
beta = 0.010 gamma = 1
还记得导数的定义么？当导数已知，假设Δt很小的情况下，经过重新整理，它可以用来近似预测函数的下一个取值，我们已经声明过u′(t)。
这种方法叫做欧拉法，代码如下：
def euler_step(u, f, dt): return u + dt * f(u)
我们需要函数f(u)。友好的numpy提供了简洁的数组操作。我可能会在另一篇文章中回顾它，因为它们太强大了，需要更多的解释，但现在这样就能达到效果：
def f(u):
S = u[0]
I = u[1]
R = u[2]
new = np.array([-beta*(S[1:-1, 1:-1]*I[1:-1, 1:-1] +
S[0:-2, 1:-1]*I[0:-2, 1:-1] +
S[2:, 1:-1]*I[2:, 1:-1] +
S[1:-1, 0:-2]*I[1:-1, 0:-2] +
S[1:-1, 2:]*I[1:-1, 2:]),
beta*(S[1:-1, 1:-1]*I[1:-1, 1:-1] +
S[0:-2, 1:-1]*I[0:-2, 1:-1] +
S[2:, 1:-1]*I[2:, 1:-1] +
S[1:-1, 0:-2]*I[1:-1, 0:-2] +
S[1:-1, 2:]*I[1:-1, 2:]) - gamma*I[1:-1, 1:-1],
gamma*I[1:-1, 1:-1]
])
padding = np.zeros_like(u)
padding[:,1:-1,1:-1] = new
padding[0][padding[0] < 0] = 0
padding[0][padding[0] > 255] = 255
padding[1][padding[1] < 0] = 0
padding[1][padding[1] > 255] = 255
padding[2][padding[2] < 0] = 0
padding[2][padding[2] > 255] = 255
return padding
导入北欧国家的人口密度图并进行下采样，以便较快地得到结果
from PIL import Image
img = Image.open('popdens2.png')
img = img.resize((img.size[0]/2,img.size[1]/2))
img = 255 - np.asarray(img)
imgplot = plt.imshow(img)
imgplot.set_interpolation('nearest')
北欧国家的人口密度图（未包含丹麦）
S矩阵，也就是易感个体，应该近似于人口密度。感染者初始值是0，我们把斯德哥尔摩作为第一感染源。
S_0 = img[:,:,1] I_0 = np.zeros_like(S_0) I_0[309,170] = 1 # patient zero
因为还没人死亡，所以把矩阵也置为0.
R_0 = np.zeros_like(S_0)
接着初始化模拟时长等。
T = 900 # final time dt = 1 # time increment N = int(T/dt) + 1 # number of time-steps t = np.linspace(0.0, T, N) # time discretization # initialize the array containing the solution for each time-step u = np.empty((N, 3, S_0.shape[0], S_0.shape[1])) u[0][0] = S_0 u[0][1] = I_0 u[0][2] = R_0
我们需要自定义一个颜色表，这样才能将感染矩阵显示在地图上。
import matplotlib.cm as cm
theCM = cm.get_cmap("Reds")
theCM._init()
alphas = np.abs(np.linspace(0, 1, theCM.N))
theCM._lut[:-3,-1] = alphas
下面坐下来欣赏吧…
for n in range(N-1): u[n+1] = euler_step(u[n], f, dt)
让我们再做一下图像渲染，把它做成gif，每个人都喜欢gifs！
from images2gif import writeGif
keyFrames = []
frames = 60.0
for i in range(0, N-1, int(N/frames)):
imgplot = plt.imshow(img, vmin=0, vmax=255)
imgplot.set_interpolation("nearest")
imgplot = plt.imshow(u[i][1], vmin=0, cmap=theCM)
imgplot.set_interpolation("nearest")
filename = "outbreak" + str(i) + ".png"
plt.savefig(filename)
keyFrames.append(filename)
images = [Image.open(fn) for fn in keyFrames]
gifFilename = "outbreak.gif"
writeGif(gifFilename, images, duration=0.3)
plt.clf()
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