Python入门篇之编程习惯与特点
1.代码风格
在Python中,每行程序以换行符代表结束,如果一行程序太长的话,可以用“\”符号扩展到下一行。在python中以三引号(""")括起来的字符串,列表,元组和字典都能跨行使用。并且以小括号(...)、中括号[...]和大括号{...}包围的代码不用加“\”符也可扩展到多行。
在Python中是以缩进来区分程序功能块的,缩进的长度不受限制,但就一个功能块来讲,最好保持一致的缩进量。
如果一行中有多条语句,语句间要以分号(;)分隔。
以“#”号开头的内容为注释,python解释器会忽略该行内容。
在python中,所有标识符可以包括英文、数字以及下划线(_),但不能以数字开头。python中的标识符是区分大小写的。
以下划线开头的标识符是有特殊意义的。以单下划线开头(_foo)的代表不能直接访问的类属性,需通过类提供的接口进行访问,不能用“from xxx import *”而导入;以双下划线开头的(__foo)代表类的私有成员;以双下划线开头和结尾的(__foo__)代表python里特殊方法专用的标识,如__init__()代表类的构造函数。
在交互模式下运行python时,一个下划线字符(_)是特殊标识符,它保留了表达式的最后一个计算结果。
>>> "hello"
'hello'
>>> _
'hello'
>>> 10+10
20
>>> _
20
在python中,函数、类、模块定义的第一段代码如果是字符串的话,就把它叫作文件字串,可通过__doc__属性访问。如:
def test():
"this is a document string"
return 100+1000
>>>print test.__doc__
this is a document string
2.保留字
and elif global or yield
assert else if pass
break except import print
class exec in raise
continue finally is return
def for lambda try
del from not while
3.Python运算符和表达式
Python运算符列表
运算符优先顺序列表(从最高到最低)
真值表
复合表达式
对于and,当计算a and b时,python会计算a,如果a为假,则取a值,如果a为真,则python会计算b且整个表达式会取b值。如:
>>> a,b=10,20
>>> a and b #a is true
20
>>> a,b=0,5 #a is false
>>> a and b
0
对于or,当计算a or b时,python会计算a,如果a为真,则整个表达式取a值,如果a为假,表达式将取b值。如:
>>> a,b=10,20
>>> a or b
10
>>> a,b=0,5
>>> a or b
5
对于not,not将反转表表达式的“实际值”,如果表达式为真,not为返回假,如为表达式为假,not为返回真。如:
>>> not 2
False
>>> not 0
True
>>> not "test"
False
>>> not ""
True
4.给变量赋值
变量赋值:赋值并不是直接将一个值赋给一个变量,在Python中,对象是通过引用传递的。Python的赋值语句不会返回值,类似下面的语句是非法的:
>>> x=1
>>> y=(x=x+1)
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
链式赋值没有问题:
>>> x=1
>>> y=x=x+1
>>> x,y
(2, 2)
Python不支持类似x++或--x这样的前置/后置自增/自减运算
可以多重复值:
>>> x=y=z=1
>>> x
1
>>> y
1
>>> z
1
可以多元赋值:
>>> x,y,z=1,2,'a string'
>>> x
1
>>> y
2
>>> z
'a string'
通常使用小括号括起来,增强代码的可读性:
>>> (x,y,z)=(1,2,'a string')
>>> x
1
>>> y
2
>>> z
'a string'
使用Python的多元赋值方式可以实现无中间变量交换两变量的值:
>>> #swapping variables in Python
>>> x,y=1,2
>>> x
1
>>> y
2
>>> x,y=y,x
>>> x
2
>>> y
1

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