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php的闭包(Closure)匿名函数初探,closure初探
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php的闭包(Closure)匿名函数初探,closure初探

Jun 13, 2016 am 08:46 AM
php anonymous function Closure

php的闭包(Closure)匿名函数初探,closure初探

提到闭包就不得不想起匿名函数,也叫闭包函数(closures),貌似PHP闭包实现主要就是靠它。声明一个匿名函数是这样:

$func = function() {
   
}; //带结束符
可以看到,匿名函数因为没有名字,如果要使用它,需要将其返回给一个变量。匿名函数也像普通函数一样可以声明参数,调用方法也相同:
$func = function( $param ) {
  echo $param;
};
 
$func( 'some string' );
 
//输出:
//some string
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顺便提一下,PHP在引入闭包之前,也有一个可以创建匿名函数的函数:create function,但是代码逻辑只能写成字符串,这样看起来很晦涩并且不好维护,所以很少有人用。

1、实现闭包
将匿名函数在普通函数中当做参数传入,也可以被返回。这就实现了一个简单的闭包。

下边有三个例子

//例一
//在函数里定义一个匿名函数,并且调用它
function printStr() {
  $func = function( $str ) {
    echo $str;
  };
  $func( 'some string' );
}
 
printStr();
 
 
 
//例二
//在函数中把匿名函数返回,并且调用它
function getPrintStrFunc() {
  $func = function( $str ) {
    echo $str;
  };
  return $func;
}
 
$printStrFunc = getPrintStrFunc();
$printStrFunc( 'some string' );
 
 
 
 
//例三
//把匿名函数当做参数传递,并且调用它
function callFunc( $func ) {
  $func( 'some string' );
}
 
$printStrFunc = function( $str ) {
  echo $str;
};
callFunc( $printStrFunc );
 
//也可以直接将匿名函数进行传递。如果你了解js,这种写法可能会很熟悉
callFunc( function( $str ) {
  echo $str;
} );
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2、连接闭包和外界变量的关键字:USE
闭包可以保存所在代码块上下文的一些变量和值。PHP在默认情况下,匿名函数不能调用所在代码块的上下文变量,而需要通过使用use关键字。

换一个例子看看:

function getMoney() {
  $rmb = 1;
  $dollar = 6;
  $func = function() use ( $rmb ) {
    echo $rmb;
    echo $dollar;
  };
  $func();
}
 
getMoney();
 
//输出:
//1
//报错,找不到dorllar变量
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可以看到,dollar没有在use关键字中声明,在这个匿名函数里也就不能获取到它,所以开发中要注意这个问题。

有人可能会想到,是否可以在匿名函数中改变上下文的变量,但我发现是不可以的:

function getMoney() {
  $rmb = 1;
  $func = function() use ( $rmb ) {
    echo $rmb;
    //把$rmb的值加1
    $rmb++;
  };
  $func();
  echo $rmb;
}
 
getMoney();
 
//输出:
//1
//1
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啊,原来use所引用的也只不过是变量的一个副本而已。但是我想要完全引用变量,而不是复制。

要达到这种效果,其实在变量前加一个 & 符号就可以了:

function getMoney() {
  $rmb = 1;
  $func = function() use ( &$rmb ) {
    echo $rmb;
    //把$rmb的值加1
    $rmb++;
  };
  $func();
  echo $rmb;
}
 
getMoney();
 
//输出:
//1
//2
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好,这样匿名函数就可以引用上下文的变量了。如果将匿名函数返回给外界,匿名函数会保存use所引用的变量,而外界则不能得到这些变量,这样形成‘闭包'这个概念可能会更清晰一些。

根据描述改变一下上面的例子:

function getMoneyFunc() {
  $rmb = 1;
  $func = function() use ( &$rmb ) {
    echo $rmb;
    //把$rmb的值加1
    $rmb++;
  };
  return $func;
}
 
$getMoney = getMoneyFunc();
$getMoney();
$getMoney();
$getMoney();
 
//输出:
//1
//2
//3
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 总结
PHP闭包的特性并没有太大惊喜,其实用CLASS就可以实现类似甚至强大得多的功能,更不能和js的闭包相提并论,只能期待PHP以后对闭包支持的改进。不过匿名函数还是挺有用的,比如在使用preg_replace_callback等之类的函数可以不用在外部声明回调函数了。

小伙伴们是否对PHP的匿名函数也就是闭包函数有了新的认识了呢,希望本文能给大家一些提示,希望大家能够喜欢。

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