PHP 性能分析与实验性能的宏观分析(1)
PHP 性能分析与实验——性能的宏观分析(1)
编者按】此前,阅读过了很多关于 PHP 性能分析的文章,不过写的都是一条一条的规则,而且,这些规则并没有上下文,也没有明确的实验来体现出这些规则的优势,同时讨论的也侧重于一些语法要点。本文就改变 PHP 性能分析的角度,并通过实例来分析出 PHP 的性能方面需要注意和改进的点。
对 PHP 性能的分析,我们从两个层面着手,把这篇文章也分成了两个部分,一个是宏观层面,所谓宏观层面,就是 PHP 语言本身和环境层面,一个是应用层面,就是语法和使用规则的层面,不过不仅探讨规则,更辅助以示例的分析。
宏观层面,也就是对 PHP 语言本身的性能分析又分为三个方面:
一、PHP 作为解释性语言的性能分析与提升
PHP 作为一门脚本语言,也是解释性语言,是其天然性能受限的原因,因为同编译型语言在运行之前编译成二进制代码不同,解释性语言在每一次运行都面对原始脚本的输入、解析、编译,然后执行。如下是 PHP 作为解释性语言的执行过程。
如上所示,从上图可以看到,每一次运行,都需要经历三个解析、编译、运行三个过程。
那优化的点在哪里呢?可以想见,只要代码文件确定,解析到编译这一步都是确定的,因为文件已不再变化,而执行,则由于输入参数的不同而不同。在性能 优化的世界里,至上绝招就是在获得同样结果的情况下,减少操作,这就是大名鼎鼎的缓存。缓存无处不在,缓存也是性能优化的杀手锏。于是乎 OpCode 缓存这一招就出现了,只有第一次需要解析和编译,而在后面的执行中,直接由脚本到 Opcode,从而实现了性能提速。执行流程如下图所示:
相对每一次解析、编译,读到脚本之后,直接从缓存读取字节码的效率会有大幅度的提升,提升幅度到底有多大呢?
我们来做一个没有 Opcode 缓存的实验。20 个并发,总共 10000 次请求没有经过 opcode 缓存的请求,,得到如下结果:
其次,我们在服务器上打开 Opcode 缓存。要想实现 opcode 缓存,只需要安装 APC、Zend OPCache、eAccelerator 扩展即可,即使安装了多个,也只启用其中一个。注意的是,修改了 php.ini 配置之后,需要重新加载 php-fpm 的配置。
这里分别启用 APC 和 Zend OPCache 做实验。启用 APC 的版本。
可以看到,速度有了较大幅度的提升,原来每个请求 110ms,每秒处理请求 182 个,启用了 APC 之后 68ms,每秒处理请求 294 个,提升速度将近 40%。
在启用了 Zend Opcache 的版本中,得到同 APC 大致相当的结果。每秒处理请求 291 个,每请求耗时 68.5ms。
从上面的这个实验可以看到,所用的测试页面,有 40ms 以上的时间花在了语法解析和编译这两项上。通过将这两个操作缓存,可以将这个处理过程的速度大大提升。
这里附加补充一下,OpCode 到底是什么东东,OpCode 编译之后的字节码,我们可以使用bytekit 这样的工具,或者使用 vld PHP 扩展来实现对 PHP 的代码编译。如下是 vld 插件解析代码的运行结果。
可以看到每一行代码被编译成相应的 OpCode 的输出。

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