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PHP实现单例模式最安全的做法

Jun 13, 2016 am 09:33 AM
php Singleton pattern

作为一种常用的设计模式,单例模式被广泛的使用。那么如何设计一个单例才是最好的呢?

通常我们会这么写,网上能搜到的例子也大部分是这样:

复制代码 代码如下:


class A
{
    protected static $_instance = null;
    protected function __construct()
    {
        //disallow new instance
    }
    protected function __clone(){
        //disallow clone
    }
    public function getInstance()
    {
        if (self::$_instance === null) {
            self::$_instance = new self();
        }
        return self::$_instance;
    }
}
class B extends A
{
    protected static $_instance = null;
}

$a = A::getInstance();
$b = B::getInstance();
var_dump($a === $b);


将__construct方法设为私有,可以保证这个类不被其他人实例化。但这种写法一个显而易见的问题是:代码不能复用。比如我们在一个一个类继承A:

复制代码 代码如下:


class B extends A
{
    protected static $_instance = null;
}

$a = A::getInstance();
$b = B::getInstance();
var_dump($a === $b);


上面的代码会输出:

复制代码 代码如下:


bool(true)


问题出在self上,self的引用是在类被定义时就决定的,也就是说,继承了B的A,他的self引用仍然指向A。为了解决这个问题,在PHP 5.3中引入了后期静态绑定的特性。简单说是通过static关键字来访问静态的方法或者变量,与self不同,static的引用是由运行时决定。于是简单改写一下我们的代码,让单例模式可以复用。

复制代码 代码如下:

class C
{
    protected static $_instance = null;
    protected function __construct()
    {

    }
    protected function __clone()
    {
        //disallow clone
    }
    public function getInstance()
    {
        if (static::$_instance === null) {
            static::$_instance = new static;
        }
        return static::$_instance;
    }
}
class D extends C
{
    protected static $_instance = null;
}
$c = C::getInstance();
$d = D::getInstance();
var_dump($c === $d);


以上代码输出:

复制代码 代码如下:


bool(false)


这样,简单的继承并重新初始化$_instance变量就能实现单例模式。注意上面的方法只有在PHP 5.3中才能使用,对于之前版本的PHP,还是老老实实为每个单例类写一个getInstance()方法吧。

需要提醒的是,PHP中单例模式虽然没有像Java一样的线程安全问题,但是对于有状态的类,还是要小心的使用单例模式。单例模式的类会伴随PHP运行的整个生命周期,对于内存也是一种开销。

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