Table of Contents
Program List:单例模式的类
Program List:无private构造函数的单例
Program List:数据库连接职责
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PHP职责模式单例模式

Jun 13, 2016 am 09:39 AM
php

模式对于面向对象开发是相当重要的。一种模式可以帮助我们创建能够实现特定任务的对象,成为类的职责。模式还允许我们修改某个类,但不需要修改与这个类有关系的代码,这个称为类的多态。

单例模式又称为职责模式,它用来在应用程序中创建一个单一的功能访问点。下面我们来探讨并且结结实实地掌握单例的思想还有应用。

在复杂的系统中,使用单例模式在维持应用程序状态的同步方面尤其有用。所有的单例类至少拥有以下三个元素:

  • 一个标记为private的构造函数。
  • 保存类的实例的静态成员变量。
  • 访问这个实例的公共静态方法。

Program List:单例模式的类

<?php
class Fruit
{
    // Hold an instance of the class
    private static $instance;
    
    // A private constructor; prevents direct creation of object
    // 防止类被当作实例使用,就是无法使用此类创建对象
    private function __construct() 
    {
        echo 'I am constructed';
    }
    // The singleton method
    public static function singleton() 
    {
        if (!isset(self::$instance)) {
            $c = __CLASS__;
            self::$instance = new $c;
        }
        return self::$instance;
    }
    
    // Example method
    public function showColor()
    {
        echo 'My color is !';
    }
    // Prevent users to clone the instance
    public function __clone()
    {
        trigger_error('Clone is not allowed.', E_USER_ERROR);
    }
}
// This would fail because the constructor is private
//$test = new Fruit();
// This will always retrieve a single instance of the class
$test = Fruit::singleton();
echo '<br />';
$test->showColor();
// This will issue an E_USER_ERROR.
//$test_clone = clone $test;
?>
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程序运行结果:

I am constructed
My color is !
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从这个程序可以看出一些特别的东西。和普通的类不同,单例类是不能直接实例化的,它只能被自身实例化。要获得这种效果,__construct()方法必须被标记为private。如果试图用private构造函数构造一个对象,就会得到一个访问性级别的错误。

那么单例类如何起作用呢?单例类就是要向其它类提供一个实例,用它调用各种方法。单例类回通过内部存储的实例返回一个引用,所以单例类不会重复占用内存和系统资源,从而让应用程序的其它部分更好的使用资源。所以,你的数据库访问最好使用单例模式构建,那么就不会创建太多的数据库连接实例,从而让你的系统跑得更快。

一个空的__clone()方法很有必要,它可以防止对象被复制或者克隆。

self::$instance 可以检测到类是否已经被初始化。如果保存实例的静态成员为空或者还不是类自身的一个实例,那么这个实例将会被创建并保存到存放实例的变量中。

Program List:无private构造函数的单例

一个不严格的单例,没有private构造函数,也没有本身的引用。不知道还算不算模式了。

  
<?php
class Fruit {
  	public static $height = 2;
  	public static $weight = 2;
  	public static function getInstance() {
    	return new Fruit();
  	}
  	public function getHeight() {
    	return self::$height;
  	}
  	public function getWeight() {
    	return self::$weight;
  	}
  	public function setHeight($value) {
    	if($value > 0 && $value < 100) self::$height = $value;
  	}
  	public function setWeight($value) {
    	if($value > 0 && $value < 100) self::$weight = $value;
  	}
  	public function __toString() {
    	return 'Fruit[height=' . self::$height . ', weight=' . self::$weight . ']';
  	}
}
// try to set data before any objects is created
Fruit::$height = 55;
$msm1 = Fruit::getInstance();  // use the getInstance() method
$msm2 = new Fruit();           // use the default constructor
$msm2->setWeight(78);                           // set data with an instantiated object
echo $msm1 . '<br />';
echo $msm2 . '<br />';
echo Fruit::getInstance() . '<br>';
echo (new Fruit());
?>
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程序运行结果:

Fruit[height=55, weight=78]
Fruit[height=55, weight=78]
Fruit[height=55, weight=78]
Fruit[height=55, weight=78]
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Program List:数据库连接职责

<?php
	class Database {
		private $_db;
		static $_instance;
		
		private function __construct() {
			$this->_db = pg_connect('dbname=example_db');
		}
		
		private __clone() {};
		
		public static function getInstance() {
			if( ! (self::$_instance instanceof self) )
			{
				self::$_instance = new self();
			}
			return self::$_instance;
		}
		
		public function query($sql)
		{
			return pg_query($this->_db,$sql);
		}
	}
?>
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如何使用这个单例类?

$db = Database::getInstance();
$db->query('SELECT * FROM example_table');
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也就是获取对象的方法有些区别而已,使用起来与其它对象没有特别之处。

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