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php入门教程之常用数据类型和基本语法

Jun 13, 2016 am 09:52 AM
php Getting Started Tutorial and Basic Commonly used number data integer have float type grammar

php中数据类型有整型、小数型(浮动数)、布尔类型、字符及数组,变量,常量等下面我们一起来看看吧。

一 PHP常用数据类型

1.基本数据类型

1.1整型
1.2小数型(浮动数) 包含单精度和双精度
1.3布尔类型 (表示真,和 假)
1.4字符串

2.复合数据类型

2.1数组(array)
2.2对象 (object)

3.特殊数据类型

3.1null
3.2资源类型(resource)

二 PHP的基本语法

1.PHP 定义变量必需以 $ 这个符号开头,区分大小写。
2.变量的名称,应当以字母或者下划线开头,不要用数字开头,也不要用特殊字符开头。

第一个PHP程序

 代码如下 复制代码
echo "Hello World!";
?>

1 注释
1.1多行
/*
xxxx
*/
1.2单行
//xxxxx
2.赋值
$a = 'test';
2.1 检查变量是否已声明
isset($a)
2.2 释放变量
unset($a);
2.3 静态变量
static $a;
静态变量可在一个函数几次调用中保持数值,而不会被系统释放,但只能在声明它的函数集中访问到,只能在第一次声明时初始化。
3. 基本类型
3.1 数字类型
3.1.1整数(integer,关键字int)
.整数可用8进制 10进制 16进制 表示
$a=123; //10进制
$b=0123; //8进制
$c=0x123; //16进制
.由于操作系统不同整数精度变化很大,但32位是最常见的
3.1.2浮点(float,关键字float,64位浮点数,精度14位)
.PHP中float和double是等同的
.使用浮点数切记:他们只是近似值
如:2.5在内部常被表示为2.499999999
又如:
if(0.7+0.1>=0.8){
echo 'a';
}else{
echo 'b';
}
返回值为b,这取决于浮点数的确切实现方式,推荐做法是避免使用浮点值做比较
3.2 字符串
.用单引号或双引号包围
如:echo "Hello"; echo 'Hello';
.双引号中的变量会被解释,单引号中的则不会
如:var $name = 'jano';
echo "my name is $name.";//显示 my name is jano
echo 'my name is $name'; //显示 my name is $name
.双引号中的变量可用{}包围来区分变量和后面的字母
如:var $n = "my name is {$name}Yu";//如果没有{}就无法区分变量和字符
.heredoc
$a = skjdfjsd
lksdfjsdlf
HTML; //后面的表示必须顶在最前面
.获取字符串中的某个字符
$a = 'Hello';
echo $a{1}; // 显示e
echo $a[1]; // 显示e
推荐使用第一种写法可以和数组区分开
3.3 布尔值
true false
4.常用函数
. nl2br 吧字符串中的换行符转化成

如:echo nl2br($a);
.var_dump
显示变量类型和值,如:var_dump($a);
.print_r
var_dump加强版,打印对象类型和内容,数组则打出所有元素,类对象则打印所有成员
如:$a = array(1,2,3,4,5);
print_r($a);
5.数组
数组用array方法声明
例:
$a = array('a','b','c');
$a = array('a','b',array(1,2,3));
.默认从索引0开始赋值
如:$a[]='a'; //$a[0]='a';
$a[]='b'; //$a[1]='b';
.使用字符串值做索引
如:
$a = array('car'=>'Ferrari','Number'=>21,'City'=>'CQ');
echo $a['car'];
.遍历并更改数组元素值
foreach($array as $key=>&$value){// &$value
//...
}
6.特殊类型和值
.NULL 区分大小写,表示无值,从没赋值,用unset清除
.资源
7.强制类型转换
(int)$a
(float)$a
(string)$a
(bool)$a
(array)$a
(object)$a
.特殊的
(int)"0123";//返回123,没有把8进制0123转换为10进制数字
(int)"123 mu tou ren";//返回123
(int)"mu tou ren 123";//返回0,因为转换只从第一个字符开始读,发现非数字立即停止
.转换为布尔值
非空非零则为true(包括正数和负数),0为false
包含0个元素的数组为false
NULL为false
 
转换为整数
.浮点转换为整型
小数点后的数字舍弃,如果超过证书有效位,结果可能是0或者最小负数
.布尔转换为整型
true为1
false为0
.字符串转换为整型
对字符串左侧第一位进行判断。如果第一位是数字,则会从第一位开始将读取到数字转换成整数。如果第一位不是数字结果为0.
.PHP没有提供其他类型转换为整数的方法
 
转换为浮点数
.整数转换为浮点数
结果不变
.布尔转换为浮点数
true为1
false为0
.字符串转换成浮点数
与整数类似
.PHP没有提供其他类型转换为浮点数的方法
 
转换为字符串
将非字符串转换为字符串的方法是在变量前使用“(string)”强制转换。
规则如下:
1.整型或浮点型:结果为其值
2.布尔型:true转换为'1' , false转换为空字符串
3.对象或数组:如果被转换的变量是对象或数组,则转换结果将为字符串对象或字符串数组,需要根据实际情况进行分析。
4.资源类型:返回资源标识号
8.类型判断与获取
 
.转换成数组
在变量前用“(array)”强制转换。将变量转换成员变量数据类型相同的数组,数组中只有一个元素。
如:
$a=1;
print_r((array)$a);
结果:
Array
(
    [0]=> 1
)
 
.转换为对象
在变量前用“(object)”强制转换。将生成一个新对象,其中名为scalar的成员变量将包含原变量的值。如:
$a=1;
$o = (object)$a;
echo $o->scalar;
 
使用函数进行数据转换
bool settype(var, string type)
 
type值: boolean,integer,float,string,array,object,null
 
.判断类型函数
is_integer 如:is_integer($a); //返回true或false
is_float
is_double
is_real
is_int
is_long
is_numeric
is_string
is_bool
is_array
is_object
is_null
is_resource
is_scalar  是否为一个标量
.类型获取
gettype($a);
9.变量和常量
.常量
define('NUM_USR','0');
$u = NUM_USR;
.引用
$a=0;
$b = &$a;
$b++;
echo $a;//显示1,因为$b是$a的引用,$b改变就表示$a改变
10.操作符
10.1 数学操作符
+ - * / %(取余)
10.2 比较运算符
==
=== 值相同,类型相同
!=
和!=一样都是不等于
!== 值相同,类型不同
>
>=
10.3 逻辑运算符
and && 与
or || 或
xor 异或,若一个为true,但不是两个都为true,则结果为true
! 非
10.4 按位操作
& 按位与
| 按位或
^ 按位异或
~ 按位非
>> 右移位
10.5 三元操作符
表示问号前面的表达式是否为true,是则返回冒号前面的值,不是则返回冒号后面的值
如:
$c = $a > $b ? 1:2;
echo $a>$b ? "hello":"no";
.下面两个语句是等价的
$a = ($b != 'china') ? true : false;
$a = $b != 'china';
10.6 其他操作符
++ 自增
-- 自减
@ 忽略特定函数的调用失败报错,如:$u=@file(xxx);
. 字符串连接操作,如:$a = 'hello'.'world'; $a = 'hello'.$a;
11.7 特殊的逻辑运算符表达式
$a = 0;
$b = 100;
echo $a || $b;//$a转换为bool值为true时,echo $a,否则echo $b,不管$b表达式是否为true,此表达式会始终显示100
echo $a && $b;//将什么都不显示,因为整个表达式$a && $b返回false
$a = 1;
$b = 0;
echo $a && $b;//将什么都不显示,因为整个表达式$a && $b返回false
echo $a && $b;//始终显示$a
$a = 1;
$b = 0;
$a && $b=12;
echo $b;//显示12,$a是否为true,为true就会执行$b=12,系统首先读取&&,知道这是个与,于是开始执行&&前面的语句,发现返回true就再 执行&&后面的语句,发现返回false就不会再执行&&后面的语句了,因为&&逻辑,只要有一个false 整个表达式就变成false

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