MySQL优化全攻略-服务器参数调整
正确的编译方法固然重要,但它只是提高MySQL服务器性能工作的一部分。MySQL服务器的许多参数会影响服务器的性能表现,而且我们可以把这些参数保存到配置文件,使得每次MySQL服务器启动时这些参数都自动发挥作用。这个配置文件就是my.cnf。
MySQL服务器提供了my.cnf文件的几个示例,它们可以在/usr/local/mysql/share/mysql/目录下找到,名字分别为my-small.cnf、my-medium.cnf、my-large.cnf以及my-huge.cnf。文件名字中关于规模的说明描述了该配置文件适用的系统类型。例如,如果运行MySQL服务器的系统内存不多,而且MySQL只是偶尔使用,那么使用my-small.cnf配置文件最为理想,这个配置文件告诉mysqld daemon使用最少的系统资源。反之,如果MySQL服务器用于支持一个大规模的在线商场,系统拥有2G的内存,那么使用mysql-huge.cnf最为合适。
要使用上述示例配置文件,我们应该先复制一个最适合要求的配置文件,并把它命名为my.cnf。这个复制得到的配置文件可以按照如下三种方式使用:
全局:把这个my.cnf文件复制到服务器的/etc目录,此时文件中所定义的参数将全局有效,即对该服务器上运行的所有MySQL数据库服务器都有效。
局部:把这个my.cnf文件复制到[MYSQL-INSTALL-DIR]/var/将使该文件只对指定的服务器有效,其中[MYSQL-INSTALL-DIR]表示安装MySQL的目录。
用户:最后,我们还可以把该文件的作用范围局限到指定的用户,这只需把my.cnf文件复制到用户的根目录即可。
那么,如何设置my.cnf文件中的参数呢?或者进一步说,哪些参数是我们可以设置的呢?所有这些参数都对MySQL服务器有着全局性的影响,但同时每一个参数都和MySQL的特定部分关系较为密切。例如,max_connections参数属于mysqld一类。那么,如何才能得知这一点呢?这只需执行如下命令:
% >/usr/local/mysql/libexec/mysqld --help
该命令将显示出和mysqld有关的各种选项和参数。要寻找这些参数非常方便,因为这些参数都在“Possible variables for option --set-variable (-O) are”这行内容的后面。找到这些参数之后,我们就可以在my.cnf文件中按照如下方式设置所有这些参数:
set-variable = max_connections=100
这行代码的效果是:同时连接MySQL服务器的最大连接数量限制为100。不要忘了在my.cnf文件[mysqld]小节加上一个set-variable指令,具体请参见配置文件中的示例

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