高手心得:提高MySQL性能的方法 (1)(2)
5. NOT
我们在查询时经常在where子句使用一些逻辑表达式,如大于、小于、等于以及不等于等等,也可以使用and(与)、or(或)以及not(非)。NOT可用来对任何逻辑运算符号取反。下面是一个NOT子句的例子:
... where not (status ='VALID')
如果要使用NOT,则应在取反的短语前面加上括号,并在短语前面加上NOT运算符。NOT运算符包含在另外一个逻辑运算符中,这就是不等于(;)运算符。换句话说,即使不在查询where子句中显式地加入NOT词,NOT仍在运算符中,见下例:
... where status ;'INVALID'
再看下面这个例子:
select * from employee where salary;3000;
对这个查询,可以改写为不使用NOT:
select * from employee where salary;3000;
虽然这两种查询的结果一样,但是第二种查询方案会比第一种查询方案更快些。第二种查询允许Oracle对salary列使用索引,而第一种查询则不能使用索引。
6. IN和EXISTS
有时候会将一列和一系列值相比较。最简单的办法就是在where子句中使用子查询。在where子句中可以使用两种格式的子查询。
第一种格式是使用IN操作符:
... where column in(select * from ... where ...);
第二种格式是使用EXIST操作符:
... where exists (select 'X' from ...where ...);
我相信绝大多数人会使用第一种格式,因为它比较容易编写,而实际上第二种格式要远比第一种格式的效率高。在Oracle中可以几乎将所有的IN操作符子查询改写为使用EXISTS的子查询。
第二种格式中,子查询以'select 'X'开始。运用EXISTS子句不管子查询从表中抽取什么数据它只查看where子句。这样优化器就不必遍历整个表而仅根据索引就可完成工作(这里假定在where语句中使用的列存在索引)。相对于IN子句来说,EXISTS使用相连子查询,构造起来要比IN子查询困难一些。

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