What are the considerations for performance optimization of Golang technology?

For optimal Go performance, here are some things to consider: Avoid over-allocation of memory. Use local variables. Optimize goroutine usage. Enable GC concurrent marking. Use performance analysis tools.

Go Performance Optimization Considerations

The Go language is known for its high performance and concurrency. However, there are some important things to consider in order to get the best performance from your Go application.

1. Avoid overallocation

Memory allocation in Go has overhead. Frequently allocating small objects can cause the garbage collector (GC) to run prematurely, reducing performance. Try to avoid allocating objects in loops or hot paths.

Code example:

// **Bad:** 分配了一个字符串的副本
func ConcatBad(a, b string) string {
    return a + b
}

// **Good:** 使用字符串连接器避免分配
func ConcatGood(a, b string) string {
    var sb strings.Builder
    sb.WriteString(a)
    sb.WriteString(b)
    return sb.String()
}

2. Using local variables

Frequent access to global variables in a function will cause implicit Synchronization, reducing concurrency performance. Store and use data in local variables whenever possible.

Code example:

// **Bad:** 频繁访问全局变量
var globalData int

func AccessGlobal() int {
    return globalData
}

// **Good:** 使用局部变量
func AccessLocal() int {
    localData := globalData
    return localData
}

3. Optimize goroutine use

goroutine is a lightweight thread in Go. Too many goroutines may cause scheduling overhead. Try to create only necessary goroutines and use synchronization primitives to coordinate their communication.

Code example:

// **Bad:** 创建了不必要的 goroutine
func Foo() {
    for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
        go func() {
            fmt.Println(i)
        }()
    }
}

// **Good:** 使用通道协调 goroutine
func Foo() {
    ch := make(chan int)
    for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
        go func(i int) {
            ch <- i
        }(i)
    }
    for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
        fmt.Println(<-ch)
    }
}

4. Enable GC concurrent marking

Concurrent marking in Go 1.19 and above Available to improve performance by letting the GC run concurrently with the application during the marking phase. Enable it by setting the environment variable GOGC=concurrent=mark.

5. Use performance analysis tools

Go provides tools such as pprof and go tool trace to analyze program performance. These tools can help identify bottlenecks and guide optimization efforts.

Following these guidelines can greatly improve the performance of your Go applications. By carefully considering memory allocation, local variable usage, goroutine management, and GC concurrency marking, you can build fast and efficient Go programs.

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