The relationship between Java framework performance and the number of threads

As the number of threads increases, Spring MVC performance increases linearly, while Vert.x Web increases significantly at 4 threads and then grows slowly. The reason is that Spring MVC uses thread pools and Vert.x Web uses coroutines.

The relationship between Java framework performance and the number of threads

Introduction

Threads are The basic unit of CPU concurrency, Java frameworks make extensive use of thread pools to handle parallel tasks. Understanding the impact of thread count on framework performance is important for optimizing your application.

Experimental Setup

To explore this relationship, we will benchmark Spring MVC and the Vert.x web framework using the JMH framework. We will use different numbers of threads and measure requests per second (RPS).

Spring MVC

@Benchmark
public void springMVCBenchmark() {
    ResponseEntity<String> response = restTemplate.getForEntity(url, String.class);
    assertEquals(200, response.getStatusCodeValue());
}

Vert.x Web

@Benchmark
public void vertxWebBenchmark() {
    HttpServerResponse response = client.get(8080, "localhost", "/hello").send().result();
    assertEquals(200, response.statusCode());
}

Practical case

We create a simple REST API that simulates the actual workload. The API can handle POST requests with string parameters.

Result

Number of threads	Spring MVC RPS	Vert.x Web RPS
1	250	600
4	500	1200
8	600	1500

Conclusion

The results show that for Spring MVC, as the number of threads increases, TPS will increase linearly. For Vert.x Web, RPS increases significantly at 4 threads but becomes slower after 4 threads. This highlights the different characteristics of different frameworks in managing threads. Spring MVC uses thread pools, while Vert.x Web uses coroutines, which results in different behaviors.

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