Jito Network is the first protocol in the Solana ecosystem that has both MEV and liquidity staking services, and uses MEV income as staking rewards, increasing the protocol staking income. The figure below is a highly abstracted view of Solana’s capital flow in the Jito protocol. Jito occupies the absolute leading position in both the MEV and liquidity staking businesses of the Solana ecosystem. With the substantial growth of the Solana ecosystem in this round of the market, the MEV and liquidity staking businesses have also experienced rapid growth. This research report will analyze Jito’s technical principles and business progress from both MEV and liquidity staking, as well as Jito’s possible future business growth points and investment points
MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) refers to the maximum value that miners can extract by moving the transaction sequence when generating blocks on the blockchain network. There are many examples of MEV, such as:
There are many examples of MEV, but essentially they are all about preempting the order of transactions to maximize personal profits. The discussion of MEV initially focused on Ethereum, but it also exists in blockchain networks such as Solana. Because of the transaction processing mechanism of the Solana network itself, the MEV problem on Solana is not exactly the same as on Ethereum.
Compared with Ethereum, the difference of Solana is:
(1) There is no public mempool: transactions are sent directly to the verifier, and the verifier will process the transaction immediately, while on Ethereum it will first be stored in a public mempool The transaction pool is waiting for miners to be included in the block;
(2) Transactions are processed according to the first-come-first-out (FIFO) principle, that is, transactions are processed in the order in which they arrive, while miners on Ethereum can freely choose and When sorting transactions, Ethereum will prioritize transactions with high gas fees for processing.
Therefore, Solana’s competition for transaction order has changed from “high fee” to “low latency”. It is not a competition through gas fees, but a competition to reach the validator first. In addition, Solana’s transaction fee is very low. In order to win priority Sorting, the robot will send a large number of junk transactions to Solana, and only the first executed transaction among the same transactions will be completed, and the remaining transactions will fail. According to statistics from Jito Network, in Epoch 414, 60% of block calculations were occupied by invalid arbitrage transactions, and more than 98% of arbitrage transactions failed, which caused Solana validators to use a large amount of computing resources for processing Failed transactions greatly waste computing resources and reduce network efficiency.
In order to reduce Solana being occupied by invalid junk transactions, Jito reshapes Solana’s MEV landscape by introducing mempool and block space auctions. The basic architecture of the Jito solution is shown in the figure below, which includes four main components: Searchers, Relayers, Block Engine and Jito-Solana verification client. The relayer first completes the filtering of transaction data and signature verification of the transaction, and then hands the transaction data to the block engine and verification client; the searcher submits the Bundles expected to be executed (a set of transactions that have been sequenced, and the verifier To execute this set of transactions completely in sequence, the execution of this set of transactions is atomic, that is, either all of them are executed. Once a transaction fails, the Bundle will not be executed) and Tips (that is, the fee to incentivize the verifier to execute the Bundle) ), the block engine searches for the most profitable one among the many submitted Bundles and hands it over to the verifier, who then completes the execution of the transaction.
From the data point of view, MEV revenue on the Solana chain is growing rapidly, and Jito’s MEV capture capability on Solana is also increasing.
According to Blockworks Research data, beginning in March 2024, the MEV income earned by validators on Solana began to exceed that of Ethereum, and began to lead significantly ahead of Ethereum in May. On May 12, the total economy generated by Solana in one day Value (transaction fees + MEV revenue) surpassed Ethereum for the first time. The craze for meme tokens on Solana has increased the opportunities for MEV, especially after the birth of pump.fun. The life cycle of a meme token may only be a few minutes, which makes the order of transactions particularly important. For example, some devs are creating tokens. You need to accumulate your own chips and buy in multiple wallets at the moment the token is created. This has strict requirements on the transaction sequence. When encountering the trading FOMO period, jito tip will also experience high fluctuations.
The growth of Solana MEV has been significantly captured by Jito Network. According to news data, the adoption rate of Jito-Solana client has exceeded 78%, while this figure was only 31% at the end of 2023, which means that most validators have adopted the MEV solution provided by Jito. Jito's MEV income also reflects this. The number of Bundles submitted daily on Jito is increasing rapidly, reaching more than 9M on June 14. The resulting daily Tips income and income rewards given to stakers are also rapidly increasing. The current number of daily tips has exceeded 10,000 SOL for many days, and even reached the level of 16,000 SOL on June 7.
The recovery of Solana ecology has brought about the recovery of MEV. The surge in transaction volume brought about by the MEME craze has directly promoted the surge in MEV revenue. However, the enthusiasm for MEME token transactions has not been affected by the recent months. The market suffered a setback due to the cold weather - taking pump.fun data as an example, the tokens deployed have been at a relatively high level since April, and transaction fees and income have also remained relatively stable. The enthusiasm for MEME token trading has ensured that MEV’s income has remained at a high level to a certain extent. On March 9, 2024, Jito Labs officially posted on social media that due to the negative external effects on users, Jito suspended the use of mempool, which reduced user losses caused by transaction ordering and sandwich attacks. From the data point of view, This move did not have much impact on Jito's MEV revenue.
Compared to Ethereum, Solana’s liquidity staking track has developed quite slowly. Let’s look at a set of data: Solana’s staking ratio is more than 65%, while Ethereum’s staking ratio is only about 27% (Coinbase data), but about 95% of Solana’s staking is native staking, while nearly half of Staked ETH chose Liquidity staking and liquidity re-staking.
This difference is determined by the technical and ecological differences between the two chains:
(1) Ethereum has a minimum pledge amount requirement to become a validator: 32ETH, while Solana has no minimum pledge amount requirement, This lowers the threshold for becoming a validator;
(2) The native Ethereum protocol does not support entrusted pledge, that is, ordinary users cannot directly pledge to a validator through entrusted Ethereum, and can only achieve entrusted pledge through other third-party protocols. To achieve native staking, you can only run a validator yourself and need 32ETH;
(3) The Slashing mechanism has not yet taken effect on Solana, so for ordinary users, choosing a validator is not very important, and since there is Slashing mechanism, users must choose the validator carefully, otherwise they will pay the price for the validator’s mistakes, which requires a third-party agreement to provide this service to ordinary users, that is, a pledge pool;
(4) The DeFi ecosystem on Solana is still It is immature, so even if you hold LST assets, there are few channels for farming. Without the temptation of sufficient yield, users’ demand for holding LST assets is not strong, and the DeFi ecology on Ethereum is very rich, led by stETH. LST assets have been used as the basic underlying assets by most DeFi protocols. DeFi protocols are layered with Lego, and users’ leverage and yield can be doubled,
Therefore, users on Solana do not have strong demand for liquidity staking, and user habits have not yet been developed. However, judging from the existing data, the proportion of liquidity staking on Solana is steadily increasing, from about 2% in June 2023 to the current 6.38%, achieving an increase of about three times in one year. In terms of market share of LST assets, stSOL and mSOL were once divided. However, with Lido's withdrawal from the Solana ecosystem and Jito's rapid competition for market share, JitoSOL's current share has exceeded 40%, which is about 2.5 times that of the second mSOL. . Solana’s liquidity staking business landscape proves Jito’s dominance, and the data also proves that Jito still has huge room for growth in its liquidity staking business.
Jito’s liquidity staking business is growing rapidly – JitoSOL’s TVL and market share are both growing rapidly, September 15, 2023-2023 On November 25, Jito launched a points program to reward users who hold and use JitoSOL in the DeFi protocol, and issue corresponding airdrops. This will make JitoSOL TVL enter a period of rapid growth after September 2023, and also complete the market surpassing mSOL. , after the airdrop was released, TVL and market share fell slightly and then entered a relatively stable growth period. Currently, Jito’s TVL has exceeded 1.6 billion US dollars, becoming the agreement with the highest TVL in the Solana ecosystem.
JitoSOL’s staking APY is currently 8.26%. The APY is composed of two parts: Solana staking yield and MEV revenue sharing, of which 5% of the MEV Tips received by Jito belongs to the Jito protocol and 95% Attributed to the verifier, most of the MEV Tips obtained by the verifier will be given to the entrusted stakers. MEV APY is relatively unstable and can achieve a 1.5% rate of return when the transaction volume on the chain is large.
In terms of LST usage scenarios, JitoSOL’s DeFi protocol integration is rapidly expanding. Currently, the protocols with the highest TVL are Kamino and Drift. However, it is noted that more than 60% of JitoSOL still exists in wallets, which means liquidity The significance of pledged assets has not been fulfilled. If Jito wants to develop its business, its first priority is still to expand the channels and security of Farming and increase mining incentives.
According to the market share of Solana ecological liquidity staking protocol, the current Longer protocol that is comparable to Jito is Marinade.Finance, while the proportions of bSOL, jupSOL and INF Both are about one-fifth of JitoSOL, and currently their competitiveness is relatively weak. Here we mainly conduct a comparative analysis between Marinade and Jito.
From the perspective of business differences, both Jito and Marinade support liquidity staking, and Marinade provides two service models: liquidity staking and native staking. Marinade’s native staking can help users choose better validators and reduce user screening costs, but Since Solana naturally supports native staking and has no penalty mechanism, third-party native staking services do not solve the pain points and cannot generate revenue for the protocol. Jito’s advantage is reflected in its leading position in the MEV field, but MEV income is not exclusive to JitoSOL holders. According to Marinade documents, users who pledge to the jito-solana validator through protocol delegation can obtain MEV income. However, considering the relationship between the jito-solana validator and Jito Labs, the relevant validators will still have stronger loyalty to Jito.
Judging from the changes in business data, jitoSOL has rapidly seized mSOL’s market share since August 2023. The airdrop points plan that started in September accelerated this trend, and jitoSOL’s market share will expand by the end of 2023. After the airdrop was issued, it entered a period of slowdown, but mSOL's market share continues to decline. There is currently no relief trend, and business expansion is obviously hindered.
From the perspective of yield, Jito currently provides users with 8.26% APY, while Marinade’s native staking APY is 8.18%. Since the protocol charges a 6% management fee for mSOL, the APY of liquidity staking is slightly lower, only 7.68%, which is relatively There's not much difference between the two.
In terms of the integration level of the DeFi protocol, the current total amount of mSOL is about 5.5M, of which 3.4M is distributed in wallets, accounting for about 61.8%. This data is not much different from JitoSOL. Since Solana has fewer DeFi ecological protocols, their main farming strategies are not much different. They both provide liquidity for each currency pair in major DEXs, use them as collateral assets in lending agreements, or lend mSOL. mSOL’s strategy is relatively more advanced. In order to enrich, for example, mSOL has integrated multiple CEX, including Coinbase, Gate, etc., making it more convenient to exchange with SOL. In addition, it also integrates option trading, NFT purchase, etc.
From the perspective of token economics, the uses of the two tokens are similar. They are both protocol-related governance functions and DeFi Farming’s liquidity mining emissions. Marinade Earn Season 3 is about to start and will provide 25M MNDE tokens incentivize users to participate in specific Farming strategies.
Finally, from the comparison of the valuation and TVL of the two, the TVL of Marinade and Jito are similar, but the market value is only less than one-tenth of Jito. From the perspective of business data, Marinade is relatively undervalued. However, judging from the currency price, MNDE has only doubled in the past year to the present, and has not kept up with the rising trend of SOL. It has even dropped by 50% in the past 6 months. The team and market makers have analyzed the currency price. The lack of maintenance also caused it to gradually lose market attention (data time: June 22).
| Project name | TVL | Market value | FDV |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marinade | 1.16B (394.3M for native pledge, 762.06M for liquid pledge) | $3 1,596,919 | $119,467,628 |
| Jito | 1.57B | $326,308,804 | $2,658,010,596 |
To sum up, Jito launched the airdrop points plan in September 2023, just when the Solana ecosystem was in a state of ruin. At that time, the only competitors were Lido and Marinade. As Lido withdrew from Solana, Jito quickly seized the opportunity. This part of the market share was captured, and the airdrop points plan was in line with Solana's recovery, so it captured new funds during this recovery and quickly surpassed Marinade. Marinade currently lacks the ability to compete with Jito in terms of business data and token prices. However, it is noted that the market is no longer a competition between Jito and Marinade at this time. Solana’s recovery has attracted more liquidity staking. Protocol, two new competitors, jupSOL and INF, have performed brilliantly. Their current APY exceeds 9%, leading among similar protocols, and they have quickly captured nearly 20% of the market share. Among them, jupSOL is backed by DeFi leader Jupiter, and the team provides 100k SOL pledge, and distributes pledge income to jupSOL holders to increase income; Sanctum, to which INF belongs, is an LST liquidity solution, and INF can share transactions on the Sanctum platform Handling fees, this unique business makes INF’s return rate ahead of other schemes, and is exclusive to INF holders. In contrast, although Jito has a leading MEV business, the MEV rewards are not for jitoSOL holders Exclusive benefits: After the completion of jitoSOL’s airdrop, TVL’s expansion is slightly weak. It is necessary to be wary of the market competition from new competitors and quickly adopt new incentives to ensure continued business expansion.
On November 25, 2023, the Jito Foundation announced the launch of the JTO governance token. The total supply of JTO is 1B, and the distribution is as shown in the figure below:
According to the distribution plan, the current main inflation of JTO comes from the linear unlocking of 10% in the airdrop and the linear release of tokens (25%) used for ecosystem development. According to Token Unlock data, the daily token release amount Approximately 198.44k JTO. Due to the one-year cliff for investors and teams, JTO will not receive large amounts of unlocking in the next six months, and the first unlocking will be in December 2024.
From the perspective of token usage, JTO currently does not have many practical functions and is mainly used for governance voting. In addition, JTO is used as an incentive for liquidity mining on Kamino and Meteora to increase JitoSOL’s DeFi income.
From the perspective of currency price performance, JTO basically maintains the same trend as SOL. Here we compare SOL, JTO and JUP, which is also regarded as Solana Beta. It can be seen that in the past three months, the trends of the three are basically similar, but the currency price fluctuation of JTO is significantly higher than that of the two. Using JTO as the investment target of Solana Beta will be a choice with higher risks and returns. The current overall weakening of Solana ecology is partly due to the expected hype of ETH ETF, which has changed the market focus. Judging from the trend of JTO, it began to break through growth after about two months of washout after being launched. It fell to the bottom twice. The area around 2.3-2.7, currently judging from the chip range and K-line trend, this range is a strong support level for JTO, and it is currently at the low level of this range (data time: June 22).
Based on the above analysis, here is a summary of Jito’s investment points as follows:
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