As the climate warms, does it take time to 'slow down'?

Climate change is affecting our lives in different ways, from agricultural yields, water resources, natural disasters to human health and economic development. But have you ever thought that climate change will also affect the "speed" of time? Seeing this, you may already be confused: How are climate change and time connected? Doesn't this seem impossible? Don't worry, just listen to me. "Synchronized clock" and leap seconds First, let's talk about how time is defined. Currently, there are two commonly used timing systems in the world - Universal Time (UT, Universal Time) based on the rotation of the Earth and International Atomic Time (TAI, Temps Atomique International) based on the atomic oscillation period. The accuracy of UT will be affected by uneven changes in the earth's rotation and the polar axis, while TAI is a time system based on atomic clocks with extremely high accuracy and stability. So, what happens if we directly use International Atomic Time (TAI) as the time standard? Because atomic time is very stable, but world time will become slower and slower as the rotation of the earth slows down, the following phenomenon will occur: atomic time goes faster, world time goes slower, and the longer the time, the greater the gap between the two. . A few hundred years later, when universal time is 12 noon, atomic time may have reached 2 p.m. Thousands of years later, when the sun shines high at noon, atomic time may have reached 20 pm... This is so subversive to our understanding of life. Human beings have long been accustomed to time standards based on astronomical calculations. It must be Cannot be directly replaced by atomic time. However, what should we do if we need a highly stable timing standard such as atomic time? The scientists started thinking again and finally came up with a mutually compatible solution. Since both sets of time standards are important, let’s keep them both, and then we will establish a new time standard based on the coordination of atomic time + universal time. This is our common coordinated universal time (UTC, Universal Time Coordinated) .

UTC is based on atomic time, and every second is stable and accurate. At the same time, in order to take into account universal time (UT), which reflects changes in the earth's rotation, humans continue to observe the gap between universal time and atomic time. If we find that the difference between the two is too large, we will artificially adjust the UTC clock to ensure that the difference between the two is not greater than ±0.9 seconds.
For example, when the earth's rotation slows down, causing UT to be slower than UTC, add one second to the UTC clock so that it becomes 23:59:60 in the next second of 23:59:59, which is equivalent to making the faster clock Wait a moment for the slow universal time; on the contrary, if the earth's rotation speeds up, causing UT to be faster than UTC, one second will be subtracted from the UTC clock.
The second that is added or subtracted is defined by scientists as a leap second. The addition and subtraction of leap seconds is usually determined by the International Earth Rotation Affairs Central Bureau (IERS) in Paris, and is generally adjusted at the last second on June 30 or December 31 each year. So far, 27 leap second adjustments have been made around the world, all of which are positive leap seconds, and negative leap seconds have never been used. The last leap second occurred after 7:59:59 seconds on January 1, 2017 Beijing time, that is, the clock showed 07:59:60.

Climate change affects the Earth's rotation speed, thus delaying the first negative leap second adjustment. Knowing the principle of human time correction, you should be able to roughly understand that our timing method is affected by astronomical phenomena such as the Earth's rotation. The earth's rotation will be affected by climate change. For example, changes in the mass distribution of the earth's surface, increases in rotational inertia, atmospheric movements, and changes in the position and stability of the earth's axis will all affect the earth's rotation speed.
Though on a million-year scale, the Earth's rotation is slowed by the Moon's gravity, which means that sometimes a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) minute takes 61 seconds long for the Earth to catch up. But on shorter time scales, geophysical phenomena such as electric currents in the Earth's liquid core can cause the rotation rate to fluctuate. Since the 1970s, these currents have caused the Earth's crust to rotate faster, which means that leap seconds will be added less frequently. If this trend continues, negative leap seconds will be needed in UTC, meaning that UTC will only need Slow down and wait for Earth instead of jumping ahead to catch it (Agnew used mathematical models to tease out the effects of known geophysical phenomena on rotation and predict their impact on future leap seconds).

Earth's rotation time changes in 2020

1. April 8, 2020 was the longest day on record.
2. July 19, 2020 was the shortest day on record.

Shortest Day

This day is 1.4602 milliseconds shorter than a full 24 hours, making it the shortest day on record.

The impact of climate change on the Earth’s rotation

衛星データは、1990年代初頭以来、グリーンランドと南極の氷が溶け、大量の物質が極から赤道に向かって移動するにつれて地球がますます平らになっていることを示しています。これにより、地球の慣性モーメントが増加し、総角運動量を一定に保つためには、地球の回転速度 (角速度) が減少する必要があります。したがって、この地球表面の質量の再分布と海面の上昇は、地球の自転を減速させる可能性があります。

南極のキングジョージ島の海岸にある、溶けた小さな氷山の上に3羽のジェンツーペンギンが集まっています。極地の氷が溶けて赤道に向かって移動すると、地球の回転は遅くなりますが、核の流れと気候変動の最終結果はやはり地球の回転の加速になりますが、地球温暖化により最初の負の飛躍のタイミングを調整することが可能になりました。史上2番目に2026年から2029年に延期。
気候変動チャレンジのタイム記録: 1 秒を逃した場合の対処方法は? 1 秒の増減は人々の日常生活に何の影響も与えませんが、正確なタイミングへの依存が高まる社会では、このわずか 1 秒がコンピューティング システム、電力、衛星、通信機器に重大な障害を引き起こす可能性があり、前例のないマイナス要因となります。うるう秒 (つまり、マイナス 1 秒) は、既存のコンピューター コードがこれを考慮していないため、おそらくさらに悪くなるでしょう。
2022 年の第 27 回国際度量衡会議で、参加代表者は決議を可決し、うるう秒を遅くとも 2035 年までに導入しないことを決定しました。修正のためのうるう秒がなければ、時刻計算の精度が失われ、誤差の蓄積により、世界中の航海、天文計算、通信、科学実験に影響が及びます。

1秒足りない場合の対処方法は？将来のクロノメーターは、うるう秒よりも UTC と UT を調和させるより良い方法を見つけるのでしょうか?気候変動が増大する中で正確な時刻記録と計算システムの安定性を維持するにはどうすればよいでしょうか?これはまだわかりません。しかし、何はともあれ、閏秒は時間の「パッチ」として、すでに時間測定の歴史に足跡を残しています。

この発見はまた、気候変動の影響が全方位に及ぶことを私たちに改めて思い出させます。それは私たちの環境や気候に影響を与えるだけでなく、時間を記録する方法に新たな課題をもたらすでしょう。したがって、私たちは気候変動にもっと注意を払い、地球の家を守るために行動を起こす必要があります。

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