


The third law of black hole thermodynamics is dead, Hawking was wrong, extreme black holes may exist
Mathematics and the universe are magical beyond imagination.
Two mathematicians proved that the conclusions of Hawking and others were wrong. The two mathematicians are Christoph Kehle of MIT and Ryan Unger of Stanford University. They recently demonstrated through two papers that the laws of physics we know cannot prevent the formation of extreme black holes.
Dafermos는 그의 예전 학생들이 Bardeen, Carter 및 Hawking의 제3법칙에 대한 반례를 발견했다는 것을 인식했습니다. 그들의 연구에 따르면 일반 블랙홀은 유한한 시간 내에 극단적인 블랙홀로 바뀔 수 있다는 것이 밝혀졌습니다.
Kehle과 Unger의 증명은 회전하지 않고 전하가 없는 블랙홀에서 시작하여 이를 스칼라 필드라는 단순화된 환경에 넣을 때 어떤 일이 일어나는지 모델링합니다. 스칼라 필드는 배경에 균일하게 전하를 띤 입자가 있다고 가정합니다. 그런 다음 그들은 해당 필드의 펄스로 블랙홀을 폭파하여 전하를 추가했습니다.
이 펄스는 또한 블랙홀에 전자기 에너지를 제공하여 질량을 증가시킵니다. 두 수학자들은 분산된 저주파 펄스를 보내면 블랙홀의 전하가 블랙홀의 질량보다 더 빠르게 증가한다는 사실을 깨달았습니다. 이것이 바로 그들이 증명을 완료하는 데 필요한 것이었습니다.
Dafermos와 결과를 논의한 후 그들은 이스라엘의 1986년 논문을 자세히 살펴보고 오류를 발견했습니다. 그들은 또한 블랙홀에 전하를 추가하는 다양한 방법을 포함하는 아인슈타인의 일반 상대성 이론 방정식에 대한 두 가지 다른 솔루션을 구축했습니다. 그들은 세 가지 다른 상황에서 Bardeen, Carter 및 Hawking의 추측을 검증하고 결정적인 결과를 얻었습니다. 웅거는 "제3법칙은 죽었다"고 말했다.
두 사람은 또한 극단적인 블랙홀의 형성이 많은 물리학자들이 두려워했던 것처럼 벌거벗은 특이점으로 이어지지 않는다는 것을 증명했다. 대신, 극단적인 블랙홀은 임계점에 있는 것으로 보입니다. 밀도가 높은 전하 물질 구름에 적절한 양의 전하를 추가하면 붕괴되어 극단적인 블랙홀이 형성됩니다. 이 양을 초과하면 물질 구름은 벌거벗은 특이점으로 붕괴되지 않고 퍼집니다. 블랙홀이 전혀 형성되지 않습니다. 이 결과는 극단적인 블랙홀이 존재할 수 있음을 증명하기 때문에 Kehle과 Unger에게 흥미로웠습니다.
컬럼비아 대학의 수학자 Elena Giorgi는 "이것은 수학이 물리학으로 환원되는 훌륭한 사례입니다."라고 말했습니다.
한 번 불가능했지만 오늘날에는 가능합니다
Kehle 및 Unger It 극단적인 블랙홀이 이론적으로 자연에 존재할 수 있음을 증명했지만, 반드시 존재할 것이라는 보장은 없습니다.
첫째, 이러한 이론적 예는 많은 양의 전하를 가지고 있습니다. 그러나 인간은 분명히 전하를 띤 블랙홀을 관찰한 적이 없습니다. 빠르게 회전하는 블랙홀을 발견할 가능성은 훨씬 더 높습니다. Kehle과 Unger는 유료 버전 예시 외에도 회전이 임계값에 도달하는 예시를 구축하고 싶었습니다.
그러나 회전을 공부하는 수학적 어려움은 같지 않습니다. "이를 위해서는 새로운 수학과 새로운 아이디어가 많이 필요합니다."라고 Unger와 Kehle은 이제 막 문제를 해결하기 시작했습니다.
동시에 극한 블랙홀을 더 잘 이해할 수 있다면 우주에 대량으로 존재한다고 여겨지는 준극단 블랙홀도 더 잘 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다. "아인슈타인은 한때 블랙홀이 너무 이상해서 존재할 수 없다고 생각했습니다. 하지만 이제 우리는 우주 어디에나 블랙홀이 있다는 것을 알고 있습니다." 극단적인 블랙홀을 포기해서는 안 될 뿐입니다. 자연의 창의성에는 한계가 없다고 생각합니다."
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