Home Technology peripherals AI The third law of black hole thermodynamics is dead, Hawking was wrong, extreme black holes may exist

The third law of black hole thermodynamics is dead, Hawking was wrong, extreme black holes may exist

Sep 03, 2024 pm 05:00 PM
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Mathematics and the universe are magical beyond imagination.

The third law of black hole thermodynamics is dead, Hawking was wrong, extreme black holes may exist

In order to understand the universe, scientists often need to consider extreme anomalies. "We always need to think about extreme cases, those special cases on the fringe," says Carsten Gundlach, a mathematical physicist at the University of Southampton. Black holes are the mysterious extremes of the universe. According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, the matter in a black hole is so dense that nothing can escape. For decades, physicists and mathematicians have used black holes to push the limits of their ideas about gravity and space-time. But even with black holes, there are fringe exceptions — and those exceptions can give us different insights. Black holes rotate in space. When matter falls into it, the black hole spins faster; if that matter becomes charged, the black hole becomes charged as well. In principle, there is a limit to the amount of charge or rotation speed a black hole can carry, which should depend on its mass. Such black holes are called extreme black holes - they are the extreme of extremes. These black holes have some weird properties. Of particular note is the fact that the surface gravity at the boundary of these black holes, known as the event horizon, is zero. "This is a black hole whose surface no longer attracts anything," Gundlach said. But if you push a particle gently toward the center of the black hole, it can't escape. 1. In 1973, renowned physicists Stephen Hawking, John Bardeen, and Brandon Carter asserted that such extreme black holes did not exist in the real world—that they could not have formed. Nonetheless, extreme black holes have remained a useful model in theoretical physics for the past fifty years. "They have very nice symmetries that make calculations easier," says Gaurav Khanna of the University of Rhode Island. This allows physicists to test theories about the mysterious relationship between quantum mechanics and gravity.

The third law of black hole thermodynamics is dead, Hawking was wrong, extreme black holes may exist

Stephen Hawking

Two mathematicians proved that the conclusions of Hawking and others were wrong. The two mathematicians are Christoph Kehle of MIT and Ryan Unger of Stanford University. They recently demonstrated through two papers that the laws of physics we know cannot prevent the formation of extreme black holes.

The third law of black hole thermodynamics is dead, Hawking was wrong, extreme black holes may exist

Paper 1: Gravitational collapse to extremal black holes and the third law of black hole thermodynamics; arXiv:2211.15742Paper 2: Extremal black hole formation as a critical phenomenon; arXiv:2402.10190Princeton University mathematician Mihalis Dafermos (who was also Kehle and Unger's doctoral supervisor) said that their mathematical proof was "beautiful, technically innovative, and had unexpected physics results." He added that this hints that the universe may be richer and more diverse than previously thought, and "astrophysically, extreme black holes may exist." But that doesn't mean they really exist. “Even if there is a mathematical solution with good properties, it doesn’t necessarily mean that nature will use it,” Khanna said. “But even if we somehow find one, it makes us think about what we are overlooking. ." Such a discovery could raise "some pretty fundamental questions," he noted. Impossibility Law Before Kehle and Unger's proof, we had good reasons to believe that extreme black holes could not exist. In 1973, Bardeen, Carter, and Hawking proposed four laws regarding the behavior of black holes. They are similar to the four long-established laws of thermodynamics — a set of divine principles such as: the universe becomes more disordered over time and energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

The third law of black hole thermodynamics is dead, Hawking was wrong, extreme black holes may exist

최근 1973년 극단적인 블랙홀에 대한 추측을 뒤집은 수학자 크리스토프 켈레(Christoph Kehle)는 한 논문에서 블랙홀 열역학의 처음 세 가지 법칙인 제0법칙, 제1법칙, 제2법칙을 증명했습니다. 더 나아가 그들은 제3법칙(열역학 표준법칙과 유사)도 사실이라고 가정했지만 아직 이를 증명할 수는 없었습니다. 이 법칙에 따르면 블랙홀의 표면 중력은 유한한 시간 내에 0으로 떨어질 수 없습니다. 즉, 극단적인 블랙홀을 생성하는 것은 불가능합니다. 이 주장을 뒷받침하기 위해 세 명의 물리학자들은 만약 어떤 과정이 블랙홀의 전하나 회전 속도를 한계까지 가져올 수 있다면 그 과정은 블랙홀의 사건 지평선을 완전히 사라지게 할 수 있다고 말했습니다. 일반적으로 사건의 지평선, 즉 벌거벗은 특이점이 없으면 블랙홀은 없다고 믿어집니다. 또한 블랙홀의 온도는 표면 중력에 비례한다는 사실이 알려졌기 때문에 표면 중력이 없는 블랙홀에는 온도가 없습니다. 그러한 블랙홀에는 열 복사가 없으며 호킹은 나중에 블랙홀이 열 복사를 방출해야 한다고 제안했습니다. 1986년에 물리학자 베르너 이스라엘(Werner Israel)은 이 문제를 해결하는 것처럼 보이는 제3법칙의 증거를 발표했습니다. 일반 블랙홀을 기반으로 극단적인 블랙홀을 만들고 싶다고 가정해 보겠습니다. 더 빠르게 회전시키거나 더 많은 하전 입자를 추가할 수 있습니다. 이스라엘의 증거는 그렇게 해도 블랙홀의 표면 중력이 한정된 시간 동안 0으로 떨어지지 않는다는 것을 보여주는 것처럼 보였습니다. Kehle과 Unger가 결국 발견한 것처럼, 이스라엘의 주장에는 결함이 숨겨져 있었습니다. 제3법칙의 소멸 Kehle과 Unger는 원래 극단적인 블랙홀을 찾으려고 출발한 것이 아닙니다. 그들의 발견은 전적으로 우연이었습니다. 그들은 전기적으로 대전된 블랙홀의 형성을 연구하고 있었습니다. Kehle는 "우리는 모든 전하 대 질량 비율을 갖춘 블랙홀을 만들 수 있다는 것을 깨달았습니다."라고 말했습니다. 여기에는 전하가 최대한 높은 경우, 즉 극단적인 블랙홀의 경우도 포함됩니다.

The third law of black hole thermodynamics is dead, Hawking was wrong, extreme black holes may exist

고충전된 극한 블랙홀이 수학적으로 가능하다는 것을 증명한 후 스탠포드의 Ryan Unger는 이제 빠르게 회전하는 블랙홀에 대해서도 마찬가지임을 증명하기 시작했습니다. 그러나 문제는 훨씬 더 어렵습니다.

Dafermos는 그의 예전 학생들이 Bardeen, Carter 및 Hawking의 제3법칙에 대한 반례를 발견했다는 것을 인식했습니다. 그들의 연구에 따르면 일반 블랙홀은 유한한 시간 내에 극단적인 블랙홀로 바뀔 수 있다는 것이 밝혀졌습니다.

Kehle과 Unger의 증명은 회전하지 않고 전하가 없는 블랙홀에서 시작하여 이를 스칼라 필드라는 단순화된 환경에 넣을 때 어떤 일이 일어나는지 모델링합니다. 스칼라 필드는 배경에 균일하게 전하를 띤 입자가 있다고 가정합니다. 그런 다음 그들은 해당 필드의 펄스로 블랙홀을 폭파하여 전하를 추가했습니다.

이 펄스는 또한 블랙홀에 전자기 에너지를 제공하여 질량을 증가시킵니다. 두 수학자들은 분산된 저주파 펄스를 보내면 블랙홀의 전하가 블랙홀의 질량보다 더 빠르게 증가한다는 사실을 깨달았습니다. 이것이 바로 그들이 증명을 완료하는 데 필요한 것이었습니다.

Dafermos와 결과를 논의한 후 그들은 이스라엘의 1986년 논문을 자세히 살펴보고 오류를 발견했습니다. 그들은 또한 블랙홀에 전하를 추가하는 다양한 방법을 포함하는 아인슈타인의 일반 상대성 이론 방정식에 대한 두 가지 다른 솔루션을 구축했습니다. 그들은 세 가지 다른 상황에서 Bardeen, Carter 및 Hawking의 추측을 검증하고 결정적인 결과를 얻었습니다. 웅거는 "제3법칙은 죽었다"고 말했다.

두 사람은 또한 극단적인 블랙홀의 형성이 많은 물리학자들이 두려워했던 것처럼 벌거벗은 특이점으로 이어지지 않는다는 것을 증명했다. 대신, 극단적인 블랙홀은 임계점에 있는 것으로 보입니다. 밀도가 높은 전하 물질 구름에 적절한 양의 전하를 추가하면 붕괴되어 극단적인 블랙홀이 형성됩니다. 이 양을 초과하면 물질 구름은 벌거벗은 특이점으로 붕괴되지 않고 퍼집니다. 블랙홀이 전혀 형성되지 않습니다. 이 결과는 극단적인 블랙홀이 존재할 수 있음을 증명하기 때문에 Kehle과 Unger에게 흥미로웠습니다.

컬럼비아 대학의 수학자 Elena Giorgi는 "이것은 수학이 물리학으로 환원되는 훌륭한 사례입니다."라고 말했습니다.

한 번 불가능했지만 오늘날에는 가능합니다

Kehle 및 Unger It 극단적인 블랙홀이 이론적으로 자연에 존재할 수 있음을 증명했지만, 반드시 존재할 것이라는 보장은 없습니다.

첫째, 이러한 이론적 예는 많은 양의 전하를 가지고 있습니다. 그러나 인간은 분명히 전하를 띤 블랙홀을 관찰한 적이 없습니다. 빠르게 회전하는 블랙홀을 발견할 가능성은 훨씬 더 높습니다. Kehle과 Unger는 유료 버전 예시 외에도 회전이 임계값에 도달하는 예시를 구축하고 싶었습니다.

그러나 회전을 공부하는 수학적 어려움은 같지 않습니다. "이를 위해서는 새로운 수학과 새로운 아이디어가 많이 필요합니다."라고 Unger와 Kehle은 이제 막 문제를 해결하기 시작했습니다.

동시에 극한 블랙홀을 더 잘 이해할 수 있다면 우주에 대량으로 존재한다고 여겨지는 준극단 블랙홀도 더 잘 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다. "아인슈타인은 한때 블랙홀이 너무 이상해서 존재할 수 없다고 생각했습니다. 하지만 이제 우리는 우주 어디에나 블랙홀이 있다는 것을 알고 있습니다." 극단적인 블랙홀을 포기해서는 안 될 뿐입니다. 자연의 창의성에는 한계가 없다고 생각합니다."

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