The SEC's Wells Notice to OpenSea: A Shot Across the Bow of the NFT Market?
Last week, OpenSea, a popular NFT [non-fungible token] marketplace, revealed that it had received a Wells Notice from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The missive indicates a good probability of a forthcoming enforcement action against the firm.
OpenSea, a popular marketplace for NFTs (non-fungible tokens), has received a Wells Notice from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The notice indicates a high probability of an upcoming enforcement action against the company.
While NFTs are largely aligned with digital collectibles, the sector has nuance, and it appears the SEC may deem certain NFTs issued and traded on the platform as digital asset securities.
Decrypt reached out to two legal experts on the issue. First, Philip Moustakis, a former SEC enforcement attorney and now a partner at the law firm of Seward & Kissel, shared his opinion on the Commission’s actions.
Moustakis explained that in the past, SEC Chairman Gary Gensler has emphasized that the SEC does not regulate technology—it regulates outcomes.
“Dengan kata lain, Ujian Howey harus agnostik tentang teknologi yang mendasari tawaran dan penjualan kontrak pelaburan. Bolehkah NFT atau faedah pecahan dijual dengan cara yang melibatkan pelaburan wang dalam perusahaan biasa dengan jangkaan keuntungan berdasarkan usaha orang lain? Ya, secara teori, dan SEC mungkin membawa beberapa kes untuk menjelaskannya. Tetapi, sebahagian besar NFT pada seni rujukan pasaran atau koleksi, yang bukan sekuriti,” jelas Moustakis.
Adakah tindakan SEC membuka tafsiran yang lebih luas tentang pasaran koleksi/pemilikan lain? Sebagai contoh, bagaimana dengan pemilikan rumah pecahan? Moustakis berkata ia bergantung kepada fakta dan keadaan, iaitu sama ada pemilikan pecahan rumah itu adalah untuk tujuan pelaburan atau kerana pemegangnya berhasrat untuk tinggal di rumah itu.
Kami bertanya sama ada fakta kami berada dalam tahun pilihan raya mempunyai kaitan dengan aktiviti SEC. Beliau berkata ini tidak memberi kesan kepada kejayaan SEC di mahkamah. Dalam kes pendaftaran seperti Ripple, ini menyukarkan SEC kerana isunya mencabar.
“Tahun pilihan raya memberi impak kepada kerja SEC sehingga tahap perolehan dalam pengurusan kanan dan pentadbiran baharu mungkin mempunyai keutamaan yang berbeza,” tambahnya.
Arthur Jakoby, Rakan Kongsi dan pengerusi bersama amalan Litigasi dan Penguatkuasaan Sekuriti di Herrick, Feinstein, dan bekas Konsul Percubaan Khas SEC di Bahagian Penguatkuasaan, berkata ujian untuk sama ada OpenSea membuat pasaran dalam sekuriti adalah sama ada mana-mana NFT yang mereka niagakan dianggap sebagai sekuriti. Pada masa ini, tiada petunjuk tentang NFT yang akan dituntut oleh SEC sebagai sekuriti.
“Apabila itu diketahui, adalah perlu untuk memeriksa setiap NFT, menggunakan empat serampang Ujian Howey dan menentukan sama ada mahkamah berkemungkinan mendapati bahawa ia adalah keselamatan atau bukan.”
Adakah terdapat hujah yang perlu dibuat oleh SEC berkenaan NFT dan pegangan pecahan?
“Menjual unit pecahan kepada orang ramai dan mengekalkan pasaran untuk pembelian sekunder unit pecahan adalah satu situasi yang jelas akan menjadi penjualan sekuriti,” kata Jakoby.
Adakah ini membuka tafsiran yang lebih luas tentang pasaran koleksi/pemilikan lain (contohnya, rumah)?
“Ketetapan oleh mahkamah berkenaan dengan penjualan unit pecahan tidak akan memperluaskan undang-undang sedia ada kerana Ujian Howey melibatkan penjualan unit pecahan dalam kebun sitrus. Dalam erti kata lain, penjualan unit rumah pecahan sudah menjadi sekuriti. Itulah sebabnya apabila anda membeli kondominium daripada pemaju, memo tawaran yang anda terima menyatakan bahawa penjualan kondo atau reban itu adalah penjualan sekuriti, tetapi dikecualikan daripada pendaftaran.”
Jadi, di manakah garisan itu harus dilukis? Jakoby percaya ia akan berdasarkan keputusan Ujian Howey 1946 Mahkamah Agung.
“Industri NFT dan crypto sedang mencari set peraturan baharu yang berkaitan dengan pengeluaran dan pemasaran aset digital yang mengambil kira aset abad ke-21 ini. Peraturan keselamatan telah digubal pada tahun 1933 dan 1934 dan ujian Howey adalah berdasarkan tafsiran undang-undang 1930-an ini. Kongres pada tahun 1933 dan 1934 tidak dapat membayangkan - dan jelas tidak memikirkan - bahawa suatu hari nanti akan ada internet atau aset digital. Persoalannya ialah sama ada undang-undang purba ini harus digunakan pada aset digital. Tiada siapa yang mengatakan bahawa aset digital tidak boleh dikawal. Sebaliknya, hujahnya ialah aset ini unik, dan, oleh itu, badan undang-undang baharu, yang digubal selepas input kongres, pengguna dan industri, adalah perkara yang diperlukan untuk melindungi orang ramai. Walaupun industri sedang mencari undang-undang yang jelas yang mengawal selia aset digital, SEC lebih suka mengekalkan bidang kuasanya dan mentafsir undang-undang sedia ada, dan dengan itu mentadbir aset digital melalui tindakan penguatkuasaan.”
Jakoby menjangkakan bahawa pengeluar dan pertukaran aset digital akan melarikan diri dari AS untuk beroperasi di luar negara dan kemudian melarang penjualan aset digital kepada warga AS untuk mengelakkan ketidaktentuan peraturan AS.
“Itu bukan hasil yang menguntungkan ekonomi A.S..”
Beliau menambah bahawa kakitangan SEC tidak berpolitik dan kes aset digital besar yang telah hilang (IE Ripple) telah dimulakan beberapa tahun lalu apabila tiada
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